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DAT > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A
  • differs from asexual reproduction in that the genetic material of two organisms combine and results in a genetically unique offspring
  • occurs via the fusion of two gametes, specialized sex cells produced by each parent
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2
Q

What does sexual reproduction require

A
  • the production of functional sex cells or gametes by adult organisms
  • the union of these cells (fertilization and conjugation) to form a zygote
  • the development of the zygote into another adult, completing the cycle
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3
Q

Gonads

A

specialized organs that the gametes are produced in

  • male gonads, the TESTES, produce sperm in the tighly coiled seminiferous tubules
  • The female gonads, the OVARIES, produce OOCYTES (EGGS)
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4
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

possess both functional male and female gonads,

-include the hydra and the earthworm

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5
Q

Gametogenesis

A
  • the production of functional sex cells
  • In males, the process is called SPERMATOGENESIS or sperm production and occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
  • In females, the process is called OOGENESIS, or egg production, and occurs in the ovaries
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6
Q

Fertilization

A

the union of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a zygote with a diploid number of chromosomes

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7
Q

Internal fertilization

A
  • practiced by terrestrial vertebrates
  • provides a direct route for sperm to reach the egg cell
  • this increases the chances of fertilization success, and females produce fewer eggs
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8
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

in the SCROTUM

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9
Q

scrotum

A

and external pouch that maintains the testes temp @ 2-4 degrees celsius lower than the body temp–essential for sperm survival

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10
Q

What is the passageway for sperm?

A
  • sperm passes the testes through the VAS DEFERENS, to the EJACULATORY DUCT, and then to the URETHRA
  • the urethra passes through the penis until it terminates with an external opening at the GLANS of the penis
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11
Q

Testes

A

also the site of production of testosterone

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12
Q

testosterone

A

regulates secondary secondary male sex characteristics including facial and pubic hair, and voice changes

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13
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

sperm production

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14
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

occurs at the seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

what does the head of the sperm consist of?

A

the nucleus

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16
Q

The purpose of the tail of the sperm

A

propels the sperm

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17
Q

What does the neck of the sperm contain

A

the mitochondria which provides energy for locomotion

18
Q

Acrosome

A
  • cap like structure derived from the golgi apparatus
  • develops over the anterior half of the head
  • contains enzymes need to penetrate the tough outer covering of the ovum
19
Q

Where are the ovaries found?

A

found in the abdominal cavity below the digestive system

20
Q

What do the ovaries consist of

A

follicles

21
Q

follicle

A

a multilayered sac of cells that contains, nourishes, and protects the immature ovum

-produce estrogen

22
Q

uterus

A

each fallopian tube opens into the upper end of a muscular chamber called the uterus which is the site of fetal development

23
Q

Where is a inmature ovum drawn to when released?

A

is released from the ovary into the abdominal cavity and is drawn by cilia into the nearby OVIDUCT, also known as a FOLLOPIAN TUBE

24
Q

Cervix

A

lower narrow end of the uteris

-connects with the vaginal canal

25
Q

Vaginal Canal

A

site of sperm deposition during intercourse

-also the passageway through which a baby is expelled during child birth

26
Q

Oogenesis

A

-the production of female gametes

27
Q

where does oogenesis occur?

A

ovarian follicles

28
Q

What are inmature ova known as?

A

primary oocytes–diploid cells that form by mitosis in the ovary

29
Q

What surrounds the oocyte cell membrane

A

INNER ZONA PELLUCIDA LAYER

CORONA RADIATA LAYER (OUTER LAYER)

30
Q

what does the mature ovum contain?

A

cytoplasm, RNA, organelles, and nutrients needed by the developing embryo

31
Q

What regulates the Leteinizing hormones (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (STH)?

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

32
Q

Estrogen

A
  • steroid hormone necessary for normal female maturation
  • stimulate the development of the female reproductive tract, contribute to the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and influence libido
  • responsible for the thickening of the endometrium (the inner lining of the uterine wall)
  • secreted by the ovarian follicles and corpus Leteum
33
Q

Progesterone

A
  • a steroid hormone secreted by the corpus Luteum during the Leutel phase of the menstrual cycle
  • stimulates the development and maintenance of the endometrium in prep for implantation
34
Q

What are the different stages of the menstrual Cycle

A
  • follicular phase
  • ovulation
  • leutal phase
  • menstruation
35
Q

Follicular Phase

A
  • begins with the ending of the menstruation flow form the previous cycle
  • FSH from the anterior pituitary promotes the development of the follicle, which grows and begins secreting estrogen
36
Q

Ovulation

A
  • midway through the cycle, ovulation occurs
  • a mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases an ovum
  • ovulation is caused by a surge in LH and is preceded by a peak in estrogen levels
37
Q

How often do women ovulate

A

once every 4 weeks (unless pregnant or lactating) until menopause, which typically occurs between ages 45 and 50

38
Q

Menopause

A

the ovaries become less sensitive to the hormones that stimulate follicle development (FSH and LH) and eventually atrophy

  • the remaining follicles disappear
  • the remaining estrogen and progesterone levels greatly decline and ovulation stops
  • the profound changes in hormone levels are often accompanied by physiological and psychological changes that persist until a new balance is reached
39
Q

Luteal Phase

A

after ovulation, LH maintains the remnant of the rupture follicle called the Corpus Leteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone

40
Q

What is essential for the maintenance of the endometrium?

A

progesterone and estrogen

DAT (10 decks)

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