Skeletal anatomy

Question 1

Shape and characteristics of the different types of vertebrae as well as their anatomy.

Answer 1

C1 Atlas rotates around odontoid process of C2 Axis
Cervical- smaller vertebral body , good size spinal canal, C7 sticks out
Thoracic-smaller vert. body, has costal facets for ribs, smaller spinal canal
Lumbar-largest vert body
Sacral- fused together
Cocyx- kinda small tail

Question 2

Explain the biomechanics and function of the different segments of spine, their relationship to neural structures, and the spinal joints such as the atlas/axis.

Answer 2

Loradosis- curve points ventral in lower cervical and lumbar. concave from the dorsal side
Kyphosis- curve points dorsal T1-T12 convex from the dorsal side (hunchback) This size and curvature allows for protection and support of vital cavity organs, as well as support weight of standing upright. Lumbar and cervical spine are flexible, allowing to bend and twist neck and back; while the thoracic is not flexible.

Question 3

Understand common degenerative spinal disorders as well as spinal deformities seen in corrective surgery.

Answer 3

Kypohisis- too much flex (hunchback)
Spondylolisthesis- vertebral slip
Spondylosis- general degenerative changes in the vertebrae at the disc and facet often from osteoarthritis
Spinal Stenosis- narrowing of the spinal canal and or the lateral foramen where the nerves travel.
Disc Herniation- disc squeezing out or rupturing into spinal canal.
Burst fracture- body fragments
Compression/Torsion/Translation Fractures
Scoliosis- lateral curvature
1) neuromuscular- (minority) early onset; problem with neuro or muscular system. Cerbral Palsy, Duschennes Muscular Dystrophy, Friedrich’s Ataxia- progressive neurologic affecting large nerve fibers
2) congenital- from birth (minority) hemivertebrae, fused, incomplete vertebrae, spina bifida,
3) idiopathic- most common; cause unknown. Adolescent 10-17; Juvenile 3-10 Infantile <3