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Basic spine > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate between the Central and Peripheral Nervous System.

A

Central- Brain and Spinal Cord

Peripheral- Cauda Equina and Peripheral Nerves.

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2
Q

Gross anatomy of the brain including the location and general functions of the lobes and the cerebellum, and the topographic layout of the sensory and motor strips (the Homonculus).

A 
Frontal- Personality and motor cortex
Temporal- speech and language centers
Parietal – Primary Sensory function
Occipital- Visual Function
Insula- located in the interior of the brain

Central Sulcus- separate motor and sensory area.
Motor Cortex- precentral gyrus
Sensory Cortex- post central gyrus
Homunculus- lower extremities from central (medial) out [PTN] Upper extremities in lateral cortex, arm, hand fingers, face (outside) Sensory and Motor strips follow this guideline.

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3
Q

Layout of the Meningeal layers and the ventricle system of the brain and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

A

Meninges- protective covering over the brain and spinal cord.
Pia Mater- delicate inner covering
Arachnoid- middle web-like layer
Dura Mater- outer tough layer.
Cerebrospinal Fluid- in meninges; produced by the choroid plexus within the ventricles. Circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord within the subarachnoid space to provide additional protection.

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4
Q

Anatomic position and functions of the diencephalon structures ( thalamus and hypothalamus) and the brainstem.

A

Hypothalamus- relay/integration center. Recieves info and monitors hormones, blood temp, etc.
Thalamus- Between brainstem and brain. Oval structure above the midbrain. Relay station for sensory nuclei except smell.
Brainstem- houses nuclei for 10 of 12 cranial nerves, and autonomic cardiac and respiratory centers.
Midbrain- upper brainstem CN III-IV 3,4
Pons- middle brainstem, CN V-VIII 5-8
Medulla- lower brainstem, CN IX-XII 9-12

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5
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

Sense of smell

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6
Q

Optic nerve

A

Vision

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7
Q

Oculomtor nerve

A

eye movement and pupil control

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8
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

assists in eye movement

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9
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

Chewing muscles and some sensation in face/teeth

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10
Q

Abducens nerve

A

Lateral movement of eyes

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11
Q

Facial nerve

A

Control muscles of facial expressions around eye and mouth

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12
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

hearing and balance

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13
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

muscles for swallowing and some taste sensation

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14
Q

Vagus nerve

A

autonomic function and vocal cords

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15
Q

Accessory nerve

A

Shoulder shrug muscles

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16
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

tongue muscle

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17
Q

Middle cerebral arteries profuses

A

Profuse lateral cortex of brain (MN/UN)

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18
Q

Anterior cerebral arteries profuses what

A

Profuse medial cortext and frontal lobe (PTN)

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19
Q

Vertebral arteries profuses what

A

Travel up the tranverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and enter the foramen magnum, then go anteriorly and combine to form the Basilar Artery

20
Q

Basilar Artery profuses what

A

Travels up the ventral surface of the pons and gives off branches to the cerebellum, pons, midbrain, thalamus and terminates into the posterior cerebrals

21
Q

Superior Cerebellar profuses what

A

superior cerebellum

22
Q

Anteriror Inferior Cerebellar profuses what

A

Inferior cerebellum and the internal auditory artery to inner ear

23
Q

Posterior Inferior Cerebellars profuses what

A

Inferior cerebellum and part of the medulla, arises from Vertebral arteries near the vertebrobasilar junction

24
Q

Anterior and Posterior Communicating arteries profuses what

A

normally no flow across but will help shunt blood to a different area of the brain if there is a compromise to the circle of willis

25
Q

Anatomy of the spinal cord

A 
Spinal Cord- extends from skill down to L2. 
		8 Cervical
		12 thoracic
		5 Lumbar
		5 Sacral
26
Q

Anterior Spinal Artery

A

Runs along entire length of the ventral midline of the spinal cord. Perfuses the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord (everything except the dorsal columns and posterior horns). Recieves blood from the vertebral artery at the top of the spinal cord , branches from the subclavian in the cervical region, intercostals arteries from the aorta in the thoracid region and lumbara arteries in the cauda equine.

27
Q

Posterior Spinal Arteries

A

The left and right posterior spinal arteries also run along the entire length of the spinal cord and are located immediately lateral to the dorsal coumns. Like the anterior spinal artery, the posterior spinals receive blood from the vertebral, subclavian branches, intercostals and lumbar arteries

28
Q

Redicular (Segmental Arteries)

A

Vessels at the segmental level of the spine that feed into both anterior and posterior spinal arteries Most segmentals are underdeveloped or degenerate and don’t contribute much to spinal cord perfusion. Several segmentals, however, are important for providing blood flow to the cord. One segmental is a large and crucial feeding vessel to the spinal cord—Artery of Adamkiewicz—around T10.

29
Q

Grey matter

A

dark butterfyly-shaped pattern seen in the cross-section of the spinal cord is the grey matter which consists of unmyelinated interneurons, and cell bodies. Incoming and outgoing signals are processed in the grey matter, including all spinal reflexes. Extensions of the grey matter are called posterior and anterior horns.

30
Q

White matter

A

surround the central grey area of the spinal cord and consists of ascending and descending tracts (sensory up, motor down) of myelinated axons.

31
Q

Dorsal Root

A

incoming sensory impulses to the spinal cord and up. Dorsal root ganglion contains sensory cell bodies.

32
Q

Ventral Root

A

outgoing motor impulses from the spinal cord. Lower motor neurons have their cell bodies in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and exit via the ventral root.

33
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

tapering tip of the spinal cord; from about T11 to L2

34
Q

Somatosensory- proprioception sensory up to the brain: PTN

A

Medial Malleolus to Popliteal Fossa to lumbosacral plexus to L4-S3 nerve roots (cauda equine) to conus medularis then up spinal cord to 1st synapse in medulla at the nucleus gracillus then crosses over then up to medial lemniscus to synapse in the thalamus then up to cortex (many synapses)

35
Q

Somatosensory- proprioception sensory up to the brain: MN

A

wrist to anticubital space to brachial plexus to C5-T1 nerve root to spinal cord to 1st synapse in the medulla at the nucleus cunneatus then crosses over and goes up to medial lemniscus then synapse in thalamus then to cortex.

36
Q

Spinothalamic tracts

A

go from spine to thalamus (Dermatomes)
Go in dorsal root synapse in posterior horn then goes to lateral spinothalamic tracts where it travels up in the contralateral side of spine, then synapses in thalamus then to parietal cortex.

37
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic tract

A

pain, temperature sensation

38
Q

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

A

light touch, pressure

39
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

motor signals from motor cortex down (TcMEPS)
Motor cortex in pre central gyrus to pyramidal tract to posterior limb of the internal capsule to brainstem to medulla
At medulla 85% cross over to laterl corticospinal trace (white matter) where it does down the cord and synapses at interneurons in the anterior horn then goes to lower motor neurons and exits via the ventral root to skeletal muscles
Other 15% descend uncrossed from the medulla and go through ipsilateral anterior corticospinal tract where they stop at cervical and upper thoracic spinal levels where they cross in anterior grey horns.

40
Q

Anatomy of the cauda equina

A

The nerve roots in the lumbar and sacral spine. Since the lumbar and sacral spinal cord segments lie up in the counus medularis region, the nerve roots from these segments must travel downward outside of the spinal segments to reach their exit points, thus forming the free standing nerve roots of the causda equina.

41
Q

What feeds the circle of Willis

A

Carotid

42
Q

Distribution of the various plexi particularly the brachial and lumbosacral plexi.

A

Brachial Plexi- on the right side, place erbs in supraclavicular fossa (plexi behind the clavicle. Runs from C5-T1 and includes origin for Axillary (to deltoid muscle), Radial (wrist extensor, triceps) Median (arm flexor wrist, thenar) and Ulnar (hypothenar) Nerves. Has Superior, Middle and Inferior Trunk which split into anterior and posterior.
Lumbosacral Plexus- L4-S3, Gives rise to Peroneal, Tibial and Femoral Nerves

43
Q

Anatomic position of the major peripheral nerves and the nerve root levels at which they enter/exit the spinal cord.

A

UN C8-T1, MN C5- T1, PN L4-S2, PTN L4-S3

44
Q

What are the basic components and function of a nerve cell.

A

Axon - Signal will transmitt along
Soma - Cell body
Axon hillock - where transmitting begins
Node of Rivera - Allow Salututory conduction
Dendrite - branches that recieve information
Myelin Sheath- schwann cells in peripheral, oligodendrocytes in CNS

45
Q

Resting membrane potential and the factors which maintain it.

A

-70 mV

46
Q

Events surrounding the generation of an action potential and its propagation along the axon including the role of myelin.

A

All or none potential, voltage gated ion channels closed at resting, open with a potential, Na open fast, K slow, have an absolute refractory period where cell can not transmit another potential bc hyperpolarized.
Myelin helps insulate the axon and so the electrochemical change moves more quickly along the neuron.

47
Q

Events surrounding a synaptic transmission and can describe the role of neurotransmitters in producing EPSPs and IPSPs.

A 
Neurotransmitter is released from synaptic vesicles, crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors.  EPSPs excite the neuron and make it more likely to fire and action potential; IPSPs inhibit the neuron.  These are graded potentials.  
	NTs- gaba- inhibitory
		Ach- excitatory
		Glycine- can be both
		Glutamate- excitatory

Basic spine (8 decks)

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