skeletal Flashcards
1
Q
composed of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage.
A
axial skeleton
2
Q
has 22 bones divided into those of the braincase and those of the face.
A
skull
3
Q
which encloses the cranial cavity, consists of 8 bones that immediately surround and protect the brain
A
braincase
4
Q
how many is the bony structure of the face
A
14 facial bones
5
Q
how many are the the facial bones are rather solidly connected to form the bulk of the face.
A
thirteen
6
Q
forms a freely movable joint with the rest of the skull.
A
mandible
7
Q
how many are the auditory ossicles in each middle ear
A
six
8
Q
Anterior part of cranium
A
frontal bone
9
Q
Sides and roof of cranium
A
parietal bone
10
Q
Posterior portion and floor of cranium
A
occipital bone
11
Q
Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium
Temporomandibular joint
A
temporal bone
12
Q
Forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones
A
sphenoid bone
13
Q
Anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
A
ethmoid bone
14
Q
Form upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits
Maxillary sinus
A
maxillae
15
Q
Form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity
A
palatine bone
16
Q
Cheek bones
Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit
A
zygomatic bines
17
Q
Medial surfaces of eye orbits
A
lacrimal bone
18
Q
Form bridge of nose
A
nasal bone
19
Q
In midline of nasal cavity
Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone
A
vomer
20
Q
Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity
A
inferior nasal conchae
21
Q
Lower jawbone
Only movable skull bone
A
mandible
22
Q
Several of the bones associated with the nasal cavity have large cavities within them, it open into the nasal cavity.
A
paranasal sinuses
23
Q
- an unpaired, U-shaped bone that is not part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones.
- has the unique distinction of being the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone.
- provides an attachment for some tongue muscles, and it is an attachment point for important neck muscles that elevate the larynx
A
hyoid bone
24
Q
central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis.
A
vertebral column, or spine
25
how many are the cervical vertebra
7
26
how many are the thoracic vertebra
12
27
how many are the lumbar vertebra
5
28
- Supports body weight
- Provides a site for muscle attachment
- Provides movement of the head and trunk
- Protects the spinal cord
- Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
vertebral cloumn
29
-protects vital organs
- 12 pair of ribs
thoracic cage
30
breastbone
sternum
31
attach directly to sternum by cartilage
true rbs
32
attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage
false ribs
33
not attached to sternum
floating ribs
34
shoulder blade
scapula
35
collar bone
clavicle
36
Where lower limbs attach to the body
pelvic girdle
37
hip socket
acetabulum
38
includes pelvic girdle and coccyx
pelvis
39
inferior and posterior region
ischium
40
most superior region
illium
41
thigh
femur
42
kneecap
patella
43
large lower leg
tibia
44
small lower leg
fibula
45
ankle
tarsal
46
foot
metatarsal
47
toes and fingers
phalanges
48
where two bones come together
articulations
49
- can be classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial.
-are also be classified in functional categories according to their degree of motion as synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses.
joints
50
united by fibrous connective tissue subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses
fibrous joint
51
united by means of cartilage
cartilaginous joint
52
-joined by a fluid cavity
-Most joints of the appendicular skeleton
synovial
53
non-movable joint
synarthrosis
54
slightly movable joint
amphiarthrosis
55
freely movable joint
diarthosis
56
bending
flexion
57
straightening
extension
58
movement away from midline
abduction
59
movement toward the midline
adduction
60
rotation of the forearm with palms down
pronation
61
rotation of the forearm with palms down
pronation
62
rotation of the forearm with palms up
supination
63
movement of a structure about the long axis
rotation
64
moves a structure superiorly
elevation
65
moves it inferiorly
depression
66
gliding motion that moves a structure in an anterior direction
protraction
67
gliding motion that moves a structure in a posterior direction
retraction
68
moving the mandible to either the right or the left of the midline
lateral excursion
69
returns the mandible to the midline position
medial excursion
70
movement unique to the thumb
opposition
71
returns the thumb to the neutral, anatomical position
reposition
72
turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially, toward the opposite foot, with the weight on the outside edge of the foot (rolling out).
inversion
73
turns the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally, with the weight on the inside edge of the foot (rolling in)
enverion
74
conponents of skeletal system
bones
tendons
ligaments
cartilages
75
skeletal system function
support
protect
movement
storage
blood cell production
76
bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the skeletal system are all
connective tissue
77
it contains collagen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals
extracellular matrix
78
a tough, ropelike protein
collagen
79
-large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides attaching to and encircling core proteins
-form large aggregates and attract water
proteoglycans
80
their extracellular matrix contains large amounts of collagen fibers, making these structures very tough, like ropes or cables
tendons and ligaments
81
-contains collagen and proteoglycans
-relatively rigid, but it springs back to its original shape after being bent or slightly compressed
-an excellent shock absorber
cartilage extracellular matrix
82
makes cartilage tough, whereas the water filled proteoglycans make is smooth and resilient
collagen
83
-contains collagen and minerals, including calcium and phosphate
-the ropelike collagen fibers lend flexible strength to the bone
-the mineral component gives bone compression strength
bone extracellular matrix
84
most of the mineral in bone is in the form of calcium phosphate crystals
hydroxyapatite
85
longer than they are wide examples are upper and lower limb bones
long bones
86
approximately as wide as they are long examples are the bones of the wrist and ankle
short bones
87
have a relationship thin, flattened shape, examples are bones of the skull and sternum
flat
88
include the vertebrae and facial bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily inti the other three categories
irregular bones
89
-shaft
-compact bone tissue
diaphysis
90
ends spongy bone tissue
epiphysis
91
-covers epiphysis
-reduces friction
articular cartilage
92
site of growth between diaphysis snd epiphysis
epiphyseal plates
93
center of diaphysis red or yellow marrow
medullary cavity
94
membrane around bones outer surface
periosteum
95
membrane that lunes medullary cavity
endosteum
96
membrane that lunes medullary cavity
endosteum
97
contain cavities, such as the large medullary cavity in the diaphysis, as well as smaller cavities in the epiphyses of long bones and in the interior of other bones.
bone
98
spaces that are filled with soft tissue
marrow
99
location of blood forming cells.
red marrow
100
marrow that is mostly fat
yellow marrow
101
most bones have blood making red bone marrow.
newborn marrow
102
-red marrow in the diaphysis is replaced by yellow bone marrow.
-most red bone marrow is in the flat bones and the long bones of the femur and humerus.
adults
103
responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone.
osteoblasts
104
cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it.
osteocytes
105
osteoclast contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called
bone reabsorption
106
outer part of diaphysis (long bones) and thinner surfaces of other bones
compact bone tissue
107
structural unit of compact bone includes lamella, lacunae, canaliculus, central canal, osteocytes
osteon
108
rings of bone matrix
lamella
109
spaces between lamella
lacunae
110
-tiny canals
-transport nutrients and remove waste
canaliculus
111
-center of osteon
-contains blood vessels
central canal
112
-It is located at the epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones.
-It has trabeculae(beams), which are interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow.
-It has no osteons.
spongy bone
113
interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow.
trabeculae
114
the formation of bone by osteoblasts.
ossification
115
Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes
intramembranous ossification
116
Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage
endochondral ossification
117
-occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within connective tissue.
-This occurs primarily in the bones of the skull.
intramembranous ossification
118
Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form a
trabeculae
119
The process begins in areas and the trabeculae radiate out from the centers.
ossification centers
120
how many are the ossification centers exist in each flat skull bone and mature skull bones result from fusion of these centers as they enlarge.
two or more
121
-Endochondral bone formation is bone formation within a
-replaced by bone.
cartilage model
122
Initially formed, which is bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone.
primary ossification center
123
bone formation in the epiphysis.
secondary ossification center
124
occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue.
bone growth
125
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in width, or diameter.
appositional growth
126
Growth in the length of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in
epiphyseal plate
127
increase in number on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal filate.
chondrocytes
128
This type of bone growth occurs through endochondral ossification.
bone growth in length
129
-removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and
-deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
-occurs in all bones
-responsible for changes in bone shape, bone
-repair, adjustment of bone to stress, and
-calcium ion regulation
bone remodeling
130
-Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot forms.
-Callus forms which is a fibrous network between 2 fragments.
-Cartilage model forms first then, osteoblasts enter the callus and form cancellous bone this continues for 4-6 weeks after injury.
-Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form compact and cancellous bone.
bone repair
131
major storage site for calcium
bone
132
-moves into bone as osteoblasts build new bone
-move out of bone as osteoclasts break down bone
calcium
133
maintained by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin
calcium homeostasis
134
hole
foramen
135
depression
fossa
136
projection
process
137
smooth, rounded end
condyle
138
canal-like passageway
meatus
139
lump of bone
tubercle
