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anaphy lec > skeletal > Flashcards

skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

composed of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage.

A

axial skeleton

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2
Q

has 22 bones divided into those of the braincase and those of the face.

A

skull

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3
Q

which encloses the cranial cavity, consists of 8 bones that immediately surround and protect the brain

A

braincase

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4
Q

how many is the bony structure of the face

A

14 facial bones

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5
Q

how many are the the facial bones are rather solidly connected to form the bulk of the face.

A

thirteen

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6
Q

forms a freely movable joint with the rest of the skull.

A

mandible

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7
Q

how many are the auditory ossicles in each middle ear

A

six

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8
Q

Anterior part of cranium

A

frontal bone

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9
Q

Sides and roof of cranium

A

parietal bone

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10
Q

Posterior portion and floor of cranium

A

occipital bone

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11
Q

Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium
Temporomandibular joint

A

temporal bone

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12
Q

Forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones

A

sphenoid bone

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13
Q

Anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity
Nasal conchae

A

ethmoid bone

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14
Q

Form upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits
Maxillary sinus

A

maxillae

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15
Q

Form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity

A

palatine bone

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16
Q

Cheek bones
Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit

A

zygomatic bines

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17
Q

Medial surfaces of eye orbits

A

lacrimal bone

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18
Q

Form bridge of nose

A

nasal bone

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19
Q

In midline of nasal cavity
Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone

A

vomer

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20
Q

Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity

A

inferior nasal conchae

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21
Q

Lower jawbone
Only movable skull bone

A

mandible

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22
Q

Several of the bones associated with the nasal cavity have large cavities within them, it open into the nasal cavity.

A

paranasal sinuses

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23
Q
  • an unpaired, U-shaped bone that is not part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones.
  • has the unique distinction of being the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone.
  • provides an attachment for some tongue muscles, and it is an attachment point for important neck muscles that elevate the larynx
A

hyoid bone

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24
Q

central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis.

A

vertebral column, or spine

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25
Q

how many are the cervical vertebra

A

7

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26
Q

how many are the thoracic vertebra

A

12

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27
Q

how many are the lumbar vertebra

A

5

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28
Q
  • Supports body weight
  • Provides a site for muscle attachment
  • Provides movement of the head and trunk
  • Protects the spinal cord
  • Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
A

vertebral cloumn

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29
Q

-protects vital organs

  • 12 pair of ribs
A

thoracic cage

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30
Q

breastbone

A

sternum

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31
Q

attach directly to sternum by cartilage

A

true rbs

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32
Q

attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage

A

false ribs

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33
Q

not attached to sternum

A

floating ribs

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34
Q

shoulder blade

A

scapula

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35
Q

collar bone

A

clavicle

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36
Q

Where lower limbs attach to the body

A

pelvic girdle

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37
Q

hip socket

A

acetabulum

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38
Q

includes pelvic girdle and coccyx

A

pelvis

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39
Q

inferior and posterior region

A

ischium

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40
Q

most superior region

A

illium

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41
Q

thigh

A

femur

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42
Q

kneecap

A

patella

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43
Q

large lower leg

A

tibia

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44
Q

small lower leg

A

fibula

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45
Q

ankle

A

tarsal

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46
Q

foot

A

metatarsal

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47
Q

toes and fingers

A

phalanges

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48
Q

where two bones come together

A

articulations

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49
Q
  • can be classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial.

-are also be classified in functional categories according to their degree of motion as synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses.

A

joints

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50
Q

united by fibrous connective tissue subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses

A

fibrous joint

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51
Q

united by means of cartilage

A

cartilaginous joint

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52
Q

-joined by a fluid cavity

-Most joints of the appendicular skeleton

A

synovial

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53
Q

non-movable joint

A

synarthrosis

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54
Q

slightly movable joint

A

amphiarthrosis

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55
Q

freely movable joint

A

diarthosis

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56
Q

bending

A

flexion

57
Q

straightening

A

extension

58
Q

movement away from midline

A

abduction

59
Q

movement toward the midline

A

adduction

60
Q

rotation of the forearm with palms down

A

pronation

61
Q

rotation of the forearm with palms down

A

pronation

62
Q

rotation of the forearm with palms up

A

supination

63
Q

movement of a structure about the long axis

A

rotation

64
Q

moves a structure superiorly

A

elevation

65
Q

moves it inferiorly

A

depression

66
Q

gliding motion that moves a structure in an anterior direction

A

protraction

67
Q

gliding motion that moves a structure in a posterior direction

A

retraction

68
Q

moving the mandible to either the right or the left of the midline

A

lateral excursion

69
Q

returns the mandible to the midline position

A

medial excursion

70
Q

movement unique to the thumb

A

opposition

71
Q

returns the thumb to the neutral, anatomical position

A

reposition

72
Q

turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially, toward the opposite foot, with the weight on the outside edge of the foot (rolling out).

A

inversion

73
Q

turns the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally, with the weight on the inside edge of the foot (rolling in)

A

enverion

74
Q

conponents of skeletal system

A

bones
tendons
ligaments
cartilages

75
Q

skeletal system function

A

support
protect
movement
storage
blood cell production

76
Q

bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the skeletal system are all

A

connective tissue

77
Q

it contains collagen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals

A

extracellular matrix

78
Q

a tough, ropelike protein

A

collagen

79
Q

-large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides attaching to and encircling core proteins

-form large aggregates and attract water

A

proteoglycans

80
Q

their extracellular matrix contains large amounts of collagen fibers, making these structures very tough, like ropes or cables

A

tendons and ligaments

81
Q

-contains collagen and proteoglycans

-relatively rigid, but it springs back to its original shape after being bent or slightly compressed

-an excellent shock absorber

A

cartilage extracellular matrix

82
Q

makes cartilage tough, whereas the water filled proteoglycans make is smooth and resilient

A

collagen

83
Q

-contains collagen and minerals, including calcium and phosphate

-the ropelike collagen fibers lend flexible strength to the bone

-the mineral component gives bone compression strength

A

bone extracellular matrix

84
Q

most of the mineral in bone is in the form of calcium phosphate crystals

A

hydroxyapatite

85
Q

longer than they are wide examples are upper and lower limb bones

A

long bones

86
Q

approximately as wide as they are long examples are the bones of the wrist and ankle

A

short bones

87
Q

have a relationship thin, flattened shape, examples are bones of the skull and sternum

A

flat

88
Q

include the vertebrae and facial bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily inti the other three categories

A

irregular bones

89
Q

-shaft

-compact bone tissue

A

diaphysis

90
Q

ends spongy bone tissue

A

epiphysis

91
Q

-covers epiphysis

-reduces friction

A

articular cartilage

92
Q

site of growth between diaphysis snd epiphysis

A

epiphyseal plates

93
Q

center of diaphysis red or yellow marrow

A

medullary cavity

94
Q

membrane around bones outer surface

A

periosteum

95
Q

membrane that lunes medullary cavity

A

endosteum

96
Q

membrane that lunes medullary cavity

A

endosteum

97
Q

contain cavities, such as the large medullary cavity in the diaphysis, as well as smaller cavities in the epiphyses of long bones and in the interior of other bones.

A

bone

98
Q

spaces that are filled with soft tissue

A

marrow

99
Q

location of blood forming cells.

A

red marrow

100
Q

marrow that is mostly fat

A

yellow marrow

101
Q

most bones have blood making red bone marrow.

A

newborn marrow

102
Q

-red marrow in the diaphysis is replaced by yellow bone marrow.

-most red bone marrow is in the flat bones and the long bones of the femur and humerus.

A

adults

103
Q

responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone.

A

osteoblasts

104
Q

cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it.

A

osteocytes

105
Q

osteoclast contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called

A

bone reabsorption

106
Q

outer part of diaphysis (long bones) and thinner surfaces of other bones

A

compact bone tissue

107
Q

structural unit of compact bone includes lamella, lacunae, canaliculus, central canal, osteocytes

A

osteon

108
Q

rings of bone matrix

A

lamella

109
Q

spaces between lamella

A

lacunae

110
Q

-tiny canals

-transport nutrients and remove waste

A

canaliculus

111
Q

-center of osteon

-contains blood vessels

A

central canal

112
Q

-It is located at the epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones.

-It has trabeculae(beams), which are interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow.

-It has no osteons.

A

spongy bone

113
Q

interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow.

A

trabeculae

114
Q

the formation of bone by osteoblasts.

A

ossification

115
Q

Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes

A

intramembranous ossification

116
Q

Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage

A

endochondral ossification

117
Q

-occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within connective tissue.

-This occurs primarily in the bones of the skull.

A

intramembranous ossification

118
Q

Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form a

A

trabeculae

119
Q

The process begins in areas and the trabeculae radiate out from the centers.

A

ossification centers

120
Q

how many are the ossification centers exist in each flat skull bone and mature skull bones result from fusion of these centers as they enlarge.

A

two or more

121
Q

-Endochondral bone formation is bone formation within a

-replaced by bone.

A

cartilage model

122
Q

Initially formed, which is bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone.

A

primary ossification center

123
Q

bone formation in the epiphysis.

A

secondary ossification center

124
Q

occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue.

A

bone growth

125
Q

As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in width, or diameter.

A

appositional growth

126
Q

Growth in the length of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in

A

epiphyseal plate

127
Q

increase in number on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal filate.

A

chondrocytes

128
Q

This type of bone growth occurs through endochondral ossification.

A

bone growth in length

129
Q

-removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and

-deposition of new bone by osteoblasts

-occurs in all bones

-responsible for changes in bone shape, bone

-repair, adjustment of bone to stress, and

-calcium ion regulation

A

bone remodeling

130
Q

-Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot forms.

-Callus forms which is a fibrous network between 2 fragments.

-Cartilage model forms first then, osteoblasts enter the callus and form cancellous bone this continues for 4-6 weeks after injury.

-Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form compact and cancellous bone.

A

bone repair

131
Q

major storage site for calcium

A

bone

132
Q

-moves into bone as osteoblasts build new bone

-move out of bone as osteoclasts break down bone

A

calcium

133
Q

maintained by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

A

calcium homeostasis

134
Q

hole

A

foramen

135
Q

depression

A

fossa

136
Q

projection

A

process

137
Q

smooth, rounded end

A

condyle

138
Q

canal-like passageway

A

meatus

139
Q

lump of bone

A

tubercle

anaphy lec (5 decks)

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