@ Flashcards
1
Q
Toward the right side of the body
A
right
2
Q
Toward the left side of the body
A
left
3
Q
a structure above another
A
superior
4
Q
a structure below another
A
inferior
5
Q
closer to the head then anoter structure
A
cephalic
6
Q
closer to the tall than another structure
A
caudal
7
Q
the front of the body
A
anterior
8
Q
the back of the body
A
posterior
9
Q
toward the belly
A
ventral
10
Q
toward the back
A
dorsal
11
Q
closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure
A
proximal
12
Q
Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure
A
distal
13
Q
away from the midline of the body
A
lateral
14
Q
toward the midline of the body
A
medial
15
Q
toward or on the surface
A
superficial
16
Q
away from the surface
A
deep
17
Q
the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body for example, the parts and chambers of the heart. The word anatomy means to dissect, or apart and separate, the parts of the body for study.
A
anatomy
18
Q
the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular. nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems. It is the approach taken in this textbook.
A
systemic anatomy
19
Q
the study of the organization of the body by areas. Within each region, such as the head. abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously. This is the approach taken in many medical and dental schools.
A
regional
20
Q
the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures.
For example, the sternum (breastbone) is used by health professionals as a landmark for listening to heart sounds.
A
surface anatomy
21
Q
involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to creale pictures of internal structures, such as when determining if a bone is broken or a ligament is torn.
A
anatomical imaging
22
Q
the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions o living things- its important in physiology to recognize structures as dynamic.
A
physiology
23
Q
the study of humans. Like anatomy. physiology can be studied at multiple levels.
A
human physiology
24
Q
focuses on process inside cells such as the manufacturing of substances including proteins
A
cellular physiology
25
functions of organ system
systematic physiology
26
The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical makeup. The chemical level of organization involues how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.
chemical level
27
the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals.
cells
28
what is the most cells contain smaller structures inside them, and carry out particular functions, such as digestion and movement, for the cell.
organelles
29
A group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue.
tissue level
30
Composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions. For example, the heart, stomach, liver, and urinary bladder are all organs.
organ level
31
A group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions. For example, the urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
organ system level
32
Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human. The human organism is a network of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another.
organism level
33
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D Consists of skin. hair, nails. sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
integumentary system
34
A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
nervous system
35
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
skeletal system
36
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, gonads, and other tissues that secrete hormones.
endocrine system
37
Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to connective tissue sheets or the skeleton by tendons.
muscular system
38
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
cardiovascular system
39
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph. combats disease. maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus spleen. and other umohatic tissues
lymphatic system
40
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, ureters. urethra. and urinary bladder.
urinary system
41
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs, diaphragm, and respiratory passages
respiratory system
42
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated
Female Reproductive System
43
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures
Female Reproductive System
44
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines. liver. gallbladder. and other accessor organs.
digestive system
45
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Consists of the testes, accessory structures testes accessory structures, ducts and penis
male reproductive system
46
a cut along the length of the organ, similar to the cut along a hot dog bun
longitudinal section
47
The maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
Homeostasis
48
Their values are not constant For cells to function normally, the volume, temperature, and chemical content of the cells' environment must be maintained within a narrow range.
variables
49
that maintain normal body temperature include sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or set point.
The homeostatic mechanisms
50
Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback mecha-nisms, which maintain homeostasis.
negative feedback
51
In everyday terms, the word negative is used to means
bad or undesirable
52
In this context, negative means
to decrease
53
When any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted. Does not prevent variation but maintains variation within a normal range.
Negative feedback
54
Which monitors the value of a vari-able, such as body temperature, by detecting stimuli;
receptor
55
part of the brain, which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable;
control center
56
such as the sweat glands, which can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the control center, usually back toward the set point
effector
57
occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater. At limes, this type of response is required to return to homeostasis.
Positive-feedback mechanisms
58
In other words, positive means
increase
59
separates the body or a structure into right and left halves.
sagittal plane
60
The word sagittal means and refers to the way the body would be split by an arrow passing anteriorly to posteriorly.
flight of an arrow
61
a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.
median plane
62
plane runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
transverse
63
divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves. For example, the coronal suture on the skull is located across the top, where a person might wear a crown.
frontal plane
64
or cross section, cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog or banana into round pieces.
transverse section
65
If a cut is made diagonally across the long axis
oblique
66
Encloses the organs of the nervous system, the brain and spinal cord.
Dorsal Body Cavity
67
which houses the brain,
cranial cavity
68
which houses the spinal cord.
vertebral canal
69
Both the brain and spinal cord are covered by membranes
meninges
70
houses the vast majority of our internal organs, collectively referred to as the viscera.
The ventral body cavity
71
more superior to the abdominopelvic cavity and houses primarily the heart and lungs, among other organs.
The thoracic cavity
72
each of which encloses a lung, and are surrounded by the ribs
two lateral pleural cavities
73
which houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, the trachea, and the esophagus.
a medial mediastinum
74
enclosed by abdominal muscles
The abdominopelvic cavity
75
contains the maiority of the digestive organs, such as the stomach, the intestines, and the liver, in addition to the spleen.
The abdominal cavity
76
continues below the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, urethra, rectum of the large intestine, and reproductive organs.
The pelvic cavity
77
The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membrane. These membranes are double layered.
Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity
78
The layer that lines the walls of the cavities
parietal serous membrane
79
The layer covering the internal organs
the visceral serous membrane.
80
The layer covering the internal organs
the visceral serous membrane.
