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1
Q

Toward the right side of the body

A

right

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2
Q

Toward the left side of the body

A

left

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3
Q

a structure above another

A

superior

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4
Q

a structure below another

A

inferior

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5
Q

closer to the head then anoter structure

A

cephalic

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6
Q

closer to the tall than another structure

A

caudal

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7
Q

the front of the body

A

anterior

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8
Q

the back of the body

A

posterior

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9
Q

toward the belly

A

ventral

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10
Q

toward the back

A

dorsal

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11
Q

closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure

A

proximal

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12
Q

Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure

A

distal

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13
Q

away from the midline of the body

A

lateral

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14
Q

toward the midline of the body

A

medial

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15
Q

toward or on the surface

A

superficial

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16
Q

away from the surface

A

deep

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17
Q

the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body for example, the parts and chambers of the heart. The word anatomy means to dissect, or apart and separate, the parts of the body for study.

A

anatomy

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18
Q

the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular. nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems. It is the approach taken in this textbook.

A

systemic anatomy

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19
Q

the study of the organization of the body by areas. Within each region, such as the head. abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously. This is the approach taken in many medical and dental schools.

A

regional

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20
Q

the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures.
For example, the sternum (breastbone) is used by health professionals as a landmark for listening to heart sounds.

A

surface anatomy

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21
Q

involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to creale pictures of internal structures, such as when determining if a bone is broken or a ligament is torn.

A

anatomical imaging

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22
Q

the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions o living things- its important in physiology to recognize structures as dynamic.

A

physiology

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23
Q

the study of humans. Like anatomy. physiology can be studied at multiple levels.

A

human physiology

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24
Q

focuses on process inside cells such as the manufacturing of substances including proteins

A

cellular physiology

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25
Q

functions of organ system

A

systematic physiology

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26
Q

The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical makeup. The chemical level of organization involues how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.

A

chemical level

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27
Q

the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals.

A

cells

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28
Q

what is the most cells contain smaller structures inside them, and carry out particular functions, such as digestion and movement, for the cell.

A

organelles

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29
Q

A group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue.

A

tissue level

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30
Q

Composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions. For example, the heart, stomach, liver, and urinary bladder are all organs.

A

organ level

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31
Q

A group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions. For example, the urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

A

organ system level

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32
Q

Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human. The human organism is a network of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another.

A

organism level

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33
Q

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D Consists of skin. hair, nails. sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

A

integumentary system

34
Q

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

A

nervous system

35
Q

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

A

skeletal system

36
Q

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, gonads, and other tissues that secrete hormones.

A

endocrine system

37
Q

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to connective tissue sheets or the skeleton by tendons.

A

muscular system

38
Q

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

A

cardiovascular system

39
Q

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph. combats disease. maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus spleen. and other umohatic tissues

A

lymphatic system

40
Q

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, ureters. urethra. and urinary bladder.

A

urinary system

41
Q

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs, diaphragm, and respiratory passages

A

respiratory system

42
Q

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated

A

Female Reproductive System

43
Q

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures

A

Female Reproductive System

44
Q

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines. liver. gallbladder. and other accessor organs.

A

digestive system

45
Q

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Consists of the testes, accessory structures testes accessory structures, ducts and penis

A

male reproductive system

46
Q

a cut along the length of the organ, similar to the cut along a hot dog bun

A

longitudinal section

47
Q

The maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

A

Homeostasis

48
Q

Their values are not constant For cells to function normally, the volume, temperature, and chemical content of the cells’ environment must be maintained within a narrow range.

A

variables

49
Q

that maintain normal body temperature include sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or set point.

A

The homeostatic mechanisms

50
Q

Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback mecha-nisms, which maintain homeostasis.

A

negative feedback

51
Q

In everyday terms, the word negative is used to means

A

bad or undesirable

52
Q

In this context, negative means

A

to decrease

53
Q

When any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted. Does not prevent variation but maintains variation within a normal range.

A

Negative feedback

54
Q

Which monitors the value of a vari-able, such as body temperature, by detecting stimuli;

A

receptor

55
Q

part of the brain, which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable;

A

control center

56
Q

such as the sweat glands, which can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the control center, usually back toward the set point

A

effector

57
Q

occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater. At limes, this type of response is required to return to homeostasis.

A

Positive-feedback mechanisms

58
Q

In other words, positive means

A

increase

59
Q

separates the body or a structure into right and left halves.

A

sagittal plane

60
Q

The word sagittal means and refers to the way the body would be split by an arrow passing anteriorly to posteriorly.

A

flight of an arrow

61
Q

a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.

A

median plane

62
Q

plane runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.

A

transverse

63
Q

divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves. For example, the coronal suture on the skull is located across the top, where a person might wear a crown.

A

frontal plane

64
Q

or cross section, cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog or banana into round pieces.

A

transverse section

65
Q

If a cut is made diagonally across the long axis

A

oblique

66
Q

Encloses the organs of the nervous system, the brain and spinal cord.

A

Dorsal Body Cavity

67
Q

which houses the brain,

A

cranial cavity

68
Q

which houses the spinal cord.

A

vertebral canal

69
Q

Both the brain and spinal cord are covered by membranes

A

meninges

70
Q

houses the vast majority of our internal organs, collectively referred to as the viscera.

A

The ventral body cavity

71
Q

more superior to the abdominopelvic cavity and houses primarily the heart and lungs, among other organs.

A

The thoracic cavity

72
Q

each of which encloses a lung, and are surrounded by the ribs

A

two lateral pleural cavities

73
Q

which houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, the trachea, and the esophagus.

A

a medial mediastinum

74
Q

enclosed by abdominal muscles

A

The abdominopelvic cavity

75
Q

contains the maiority of the digestive organs, such as the stomach, the intestines, and the liver, in addition to the spleen.

A

The abdominal cavity

76
Q

continues below the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, urethra, rectum of the large intestine, and reproductive organs.

A

The pelvic cavity

77
Q

The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membrane. These membranes are double layered.

A

Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity

78
Q

The layer that lines the walls of the cavities

A

parietal serous membrane

79
Q

The layer covering the internal organs

A

the visceral serous membrane.

80
Q

The layer covering the internal organs

A

the visceral serous membrane.

anaphy lec (5 decks)

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