cell 2 Flashcards
1
Q
basic living unit of the body/life
A
cell
2
Q
study of cellular structures
A
cytology
3
Q
study of cellular function
A
Cell Physiology
4
Q
specialized structures
A
organelles
5
Q
separates internal ordans trom external environment encloses organelles w/in the cell outer boundary
tragile. transparent
selective barrier determines what enters or leaves
A
cell membrane/ plasma
6
Q
hydrophilic
A
polar
7
Q
hydrophobic
A
non polar
8
Q
surround nucleus
A
cytoplasm
9
Q
contain genetic material ribosomal site
A
nucleus
10
Q
outside the cell
A
Extracellular
11
Q
involved with the movement of subs
A
Membrane channels
12
Q
intercellular communication enables cell recognition
A
Receptor Molecules
13
Q
allows substances to bass in or out
A
selectively permeable
14
Q
solutes move from higher concentration to lower
A
diffusion
15
Q
inside the cell
A
intracellular
16
Q
composed of substance dissolved in liquid or gas
A
solution
17
Q
substance to be dissolve
A
solute
18
Q
liquid or gas
A
solvent
19
Q
different in concentration of solute
A
concentration gradient
20
Q
allows ions to pass
A
leak channels
21
Q
limit the movement of ions
A
gated channels
22
Q
diffusion of water/solvent
A
osmosis
23
Q
force required to prevent the movement of water
A
osmotic pressure
24
Q
cells swell and can undergo lysis
A
hypnotic solution
25
neither swell nor shrink
isotonic solution
26
shrink undergo creation
hypertonic solution
27
movement of material into cells by formation of vesicle
endocytosis
28
secretion of materials from cell by vesicle
exocytosis
29
site of protein synthesis; 1 large I small
ribosomes
30
have ribosomes attached: protein svnthesis
rough er
31
lipid synthesis
smooth er reticulum
32
series of closely packed membrane sacs that collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER.
golgi
33
membrane-bound sacs carry subs from golgi
secretory vesicles
34
break down phagocytized material
lysosomes
35
break down fatty acids
peroxisomes
36
major sites for the production of ATP, which cells use as an energy source. Carry out aerobic respiration
mitochondria
37
supports cytoplasm & organelles / movements; microtubules.filaments
cytoskeleton
38
facilitate chromosome movement; located in centrosome
centrioles
39
move subs over surface of cells
cilia
40
propel sperm cells, longer than cilia
flagella
41
Increase surface area of cell, aid absorotion
MicrovIli -
42
non dividing; cells spends most of it life cycle; DNA is replicated->2 new strands combined with 2 template strand -> 2 complete sets of genetic material -> dispersed chromatin thin threads
interphase
43
formation of daughter cells trom a sinale parent cell
cell division
44
growth and tissue repair; parent cell divides
mitosis
45
each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.
prophase
46
chromosomes align
metaphase
47
chromatias separate -> chromosome, Two 46 reachea opposiTe pole, cytoplasm begins to divide
anaphase
48
two separate nuclei, chroms begin to unravel and resemble genetic material
telophase
49
two separate nuclei, chroms begin to unravel and resemble genetic material
telophase
50
sex cells
meiosis
51
sperms developed specialized structures and functions
Differentiation
52
programmed death of cells; regulates cells within tissues
Apoptosis
53
consists of bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
skeletal system
54
provides the major support for the body
skeletal system
55
*protects internal organs.
*store and release minerals as needed by the body.
bones
56
allow movement between bones.
joints
57
gives rise to blood cells and platelets.
bone marrow
58
provides flexible strength.
collagen
59
provides compressional strength.
Hydroxyapatite
60
- produce bone matrix and become osteocytes.
- connect to one another through cell extensions and surround themselves with bone matrix to become osteocytes.
- are located in lacunae and are connected to one another through canaliculi.
Osteoblasts
61
- break down bone (with assistance from osteoblasts).
- originate from osteochondral progenitor cells, whereas
- originate from monocyte/macrophage lineage stem cells in red bone marrow.
osteoclasts
62
has many spaces.
spongy bones
63
has many spaces.
spongy bones
64
combine to form trabeculae, beams of bone that interconnect to form a lattice-like structure with spaces filled with bone marrow and blood vessels.
lamellae
65
provide structural strength.
trabeculae
66
- dense, with few spaces.
- consists of organized lamellae: lamellae surround central canals, forming osteons;
compact bones
67
the shaft of a long bone, and the epiphyses are distinct from the diaphysis and house the epiphyseal plate.
diaphysis
68
the site of lengthwise bone growth.
epiphyseal plate
69
a space within the diaphysis.
medullary cavity
70
the site of blood cell production, and yellow marrow consists of fat.
red marrow
71
covers the outer surface of bone.
periosteum
72
contains blood vessels and nerves.
periosteum outer layer
73
contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
periosteum inner layer
74
hold the periosteum, ligaments, and tendons in place.
perforating fibers
75
lines cavities inside bone and contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
endosteum
76
occurs within connective tissue membranes.
intramembranous
77
occurs within cartilage.
endochondral ossification
78
occurs at the epiphyseal plate as chondrocytes proliferate, enlarge, die, and are replaced by bone.
bone elongation
79
consists of removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts.
bone remodeling
80
consists of removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts.
bone remodeling
81
cells move into the damaged area and form a callus, which is replaced by bone.
bone repair
82
remove calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to increase
osteoclasts
83
remove calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to increase
osteoclasts
84
deposit calium into bone, causing blood calcium level to decrease
osteoblast
85
increases bone breakdown, whereas calcitonin decreases bone breakdown.
parathyroid hormone
86
consists of the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
axial skeleton
87
joined at the midline by the sagittal suture; they are joined to the frontal bone by the coronal suture, to the occipital bone by the lambdoid suture, and to the temporal bone by the squamous suture.
parietal bones
88
joined at the midline by the sagittal suture; they are joined to the frontal bone by the coronal suture, to the occipital bone by the lambdoid suture, and to the temporal bone by the squamous suture.
parietal bones
89
points of attachment for neck muscles.
nuchal lines
90
composed of 22 bones.
skull
91
which function in hearing, are located inside the temporal bones.
auditory ossicles
92
protects the brain.
cranial bone
93
protect the sensory organs of the head and are muscle attachment sites
facial bones
94
alveolar processes with sockets for the attachment of the teeth.
mandible and maxillae
95
The orbits contain the eyes.
frontal bone
96
The temporal lines are attachment points of the temporalis muscle.
parietal bones
97
The external auditory canal transmits sound waves toward the eardrum.
temporal bones
98
The spinal cord and brain are connected through the foramen magnum.
occipital bone
99
points of articulation between the skull and the vertebral column.
occipital condyles
100
Sinuses within bone are air-filled cavities. The paranasal sinuses, which connect to the nasal cavity, are the frontal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses and the ethmoidal labyrinth.
sphenoid bone
101
occupied by the pituitary gland.
sella turcica
102
The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum, and the hard palate separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
ethmoid bone
103
a point of attachment for one of the meninges.
crista galli
104
extend into the roof of the nasal cavity through the cribriform plate.
olfactory nerves
105
which is not attached to other bones, is the attachment site for the throat and tongue muscles.
hyoid bone
106
contains 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae, plus 1 sacral bone and 1 coccyx bone.
vertebral column
107
have transverse foramina
cervical vertebrae
108
have long spinous processes and attachment sites for the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
109
have rectangular transverse and spinous processes, and the position of their facets limits rotation
lumbar vertebrae
110
a single, fused bone
sacrum
111
4 or fewer fused vertebrae.
coccyx
112
consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, and the sternum.
rib cage
113
consists of the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.
sternum
114
consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles.
apendicular skeleton
115
includes the scapulae and clavicles.
pectorial girdle
116
consists of the arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), wrist (8 carpal bones), and hand (5 metacarpal bones,
3 phalanges in each finger, and 2 phalanges in the thumb).
upper limb
117
made up of the 2 hip bones. Each hip bone consists of an ilium, an ischium, and a pubis. The hip bones, sacrum, and соссух form the pelvis.
pelvic girdle
118
includes the thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), ankle (7 tarsal bones), and foot (metatarsal bones and phalanges, similar to the bones in the hand).
lower limb
119
place where bones come together.
joint
120
consist of bones united by fibrous connective tissue.
They allow little or no movement.
fibrous joint
121
consist of bones united by cartilage, and they exhibit slight movement.
carilaginous joints
122
capable of considerable movement. They consist of the following:
synovial joint
123
on the ends of bones that provides a smooth surface for articulation. Articular disks can provide additional support.
Articular cartilage
124
surrounded by a joint capsule of fibrous connective tissue, which holds the bones together while permitting flexibility.
joint cavity
125
produces synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint.
synovial membrane
126
extensions of synovial joint cavities that protect skin, tendons, or bone from structures that could rub against them.
bursae
127
flexion extension, abduction/ adduction, pronation/supination, eversion/inversion, rotation, circumduction, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, excursion. and opposition/reposition.
The major types of movement
