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anaphy lec > cell 2 > Flashcards

cell 2 Flashcards

1
Q

basic living unit of the body/life

A

cell

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2
Q

study of cellular structures

A

cytology

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3
Q

study of cellular function

A

Cell Physiology

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4
Q

specialized structures

A

organelles

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5
Q

separates internal ordans trom external environment encloses organelles w/in the cell outer boundary
tragile. transparent
selective barrier determines what enters or leaves

A

cell membrane/ plasma

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6
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar

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7
Q

hydrophobic

A

non polar

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8
Q

surround nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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9
Q

contain genetic material ribosomal site

A

nucleus

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10
Q

outside the cell

A

Extracellular

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11
Q

involved with the movement of subs

A

Membrane channels

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12
Q

intercellular communication enables cell recognition

A

Receptor Molecules

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13
Q

allows substances to bass in or out

A

selectively permeable

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14
Q

solutes move from higher concentration to lower

A

diffusion

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15
Q

inside the cell

A

intracellular

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16
Q

composed of substance dissolved in liquid or gas

A

solution

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17
Q

substance to be dissolve

A

solute

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18
Q

liquid or gas

A

solvent

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19
Q

different in concentration of solute

A

concentration gradient

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20
Q

allows ions to pass

A

leak channels

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21
Q

limit the movement of ions

A

gated channels

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22
Q

diffusion of water/solvent

A

osmosis

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23
Q

force required to prevent the movement of water

A

osmotic pressure

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24
Q

cells swell and can undergo lysis

A

hypnotic solution

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25
Q

neither swell nor shrink

A

isotonic solution

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26
Q

shrink undergo creation

A

hypertonic solution

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27
Q

movement of material into cells by formation of vesicle

A

endocytosis

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28
Q

secretion of materials from cell by vesicle

A

exocytosis

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29
Q

site of protein synthesis; 1 large I small

A

ribosomes

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30
Q

have ribosomes attached: protein svnthesis

A

rough er

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31
Q

lipid synthesis

A

smooth er reticulum

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32
Q

series of closely packed membrane sacs that collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER.

A

golgi

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33
Q

membrane-bound sacs carry subs from golgi

A

secretory vesicles

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34
Q

break down phagocytized material

A

lysosomes

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35
Q

break down fatty acids

A

peroxisomes

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36
Q

major sites for the production of ATP, which cells use as an energy source. Carry out aerobic respiration

A

mitochondria

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37
Q

supports cytoplasm & organelles / movements; microtubules.filaments

A

cytoskeleton

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38
Q

facilitate chromosome movement; located in centrosome

A

centrioles

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39
Q

move subs over surface of cells

A

cilia

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40
Q

propel sperm cells, longer than cilia

A

flagella

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41
Q

Increase surface area of cell, aid absorotion

A

MicrovIli -

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42
Q

non dividing; cells spends most of it life cycle; DNA is replicated->2 new strands combined with 2 template strand -> 2 complete sets of genetic material -> dispersed chromatin thin threads

A

interphase

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43
Q

formation of daughter cells trom a sinale parent cell

A

cell division

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44
Q

growth and tissue repair; parent cell divides

A

mitosis

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45
Q

each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.

A

prophase

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46
Q

chromosomes align

A

metaphase

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47
Q

chromatias separate -> chromosome, Two 46 reachea opposiTe pole, cytoplasm begins to divide

A

anaphase

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48
Q

two separate nuclei, chroms begin to unravel and resemble genetic material

A

telophase

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49
Q

two separate nuclei, chroms begin to unravel and resemble genetic material

A

telophase

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50
Q

sex cells

A

meiosis

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51
Q

sperms developed specialized structures and functions

A

Differentiation

52
Q

programmed death of cells; regulates cells within tissues

A

Apoptosis

53
Q

consists of bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

A

skeletal system

54
Q

provides the major support for the body

A

skeletal system

55
Q

*protects internal organs.
*store and release minerals as needed by the body.

A

bones

56
Q

allow movement between bones.

A

joints

57
Q

gives rise to blood cells and platelets.

A

bone marrow

58
Q

provides flexible strength.

A

collagen

59
Q

provides compressional strength.

A

Hydroxyapatite

60
Q
  • produce bone matrix and become osteocytes.
  • connect to one another through cell extensions and surround themselves with bone matrix to become osteocytes.
  • are located in lacunae and are connected to one another through canaliculi.
A

Osteoblasts

61
Q
  • break down bone (with assistance from osteoblasts).
  • originate from osteochondral progenitor cells, whereas
  • originate from monocyte/macrophage lineage stem cells in red bone marrow.
A

osteoclasts

62
Q

has many spaces.

A

spongy bones

63
Q

has many spaces.

A

spongy bones

64
Q

combine to form trabeculae, beams of bone that interconnect to form a lattice-like structure with spaces filled with bone marrow and blood vessels.

A

lamellae

65
Q

provide structural strength.

A

trabeculae

66
Q
  • dense, with few spaces.
  • consists of organized lamellae: lamellae surround central canals, forming osteons;
A

compact bones

67
Q

the shaft of a long bone, and the epiphyses are distinct from the diaphysis and house the epiphyseal plate.

A

diaphysis

68
Q

the site of lengthwise bone growth.

A

epiphyseal plate

69
Q

a space within the diaphysis.

A

medullary cavity

70
Q

the site of blood cell production, and yellow marrow consists of fat.

A

red marrow

71
Q

covers the outer surface of bone.

A

periosteum

72
Q

contains blood vessels and nerves.

A

periosteum outer layer

73
Q

contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

A

periosteum inner layer

74
Q

hold the periosteum, ligaments, and tendons in place.

A

perforating fibers

75
Q

lines cavities inside bone and contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

A

endosteum

76
Q

occurs within connective tissue membranes.

A

intramembranous

77
Q

occurs within cartilage.

A

endochondral ossification

78
Q

occurs at the epiphyseal plate as chondrocytes proliferate, enlarge, die, and are replaced by bone.

A

bone elongation

79
Q

consists of removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts.

A

bone remodeling

80
Q

consists of removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts.

A

bone remodeling

81
Q

cells move into the damaged area and form a callus, which is replaced by bone.

A

bone repair

82
Q

remove calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to increase

A

osteoclasts

83
Q

remove calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to increase

A

osteoclasts

84
Q

deposit calium into bone, causing blood calcium level to decrease

A

osteoblast

85
Q

increases bone breakdown, whereas calcitonin decreases bone breakdown.

A

parathyroid hormone

86
Q

consists of the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

A

axial skeleton

87
Q

joined at the midline by the sagittal suture; they are joined to the frontal bone by the coronal suture, to the occipital bone by the lambdoid suture, and to the temporal bone by the squamous suture.

A

parietal bones

88
Q

joined at the midline by the sagittal suture; they are joined to the frontal bone by the coronal suture, to the occipital bone by the lambdoid suture, and to the temporal bone by the squamous suture.

A

parietal bones

89
Q

points of attachment for neck muscles.

A

nuchal lines

90
Q

composed of 22 bones.

A

skull

91
Q

which function in hearing, are located inside the temporal bones.

A

auditory ossicles

92
Q

protects the brain.

A

cranial bone

93
Q

protect the sensory organs of the head and are muscle attachment sites

A

facial bones

94
Q

alveolar processes with sockets for the attachment of the teeth.

A

mandible and maxillae

95
Q

The orbits contain the eyes.

A

frontal bone

96
Q

The temporal lines are attachment points of the temporalis muscle.

A

parietal bones

97
Q

The external auditory canal transmits sound waves toward the eardrum.

A

temporal bones

98
Q

The spinal cord and brain are connected through the foramen magnum.

A

occipital bone

99
Q

points of articulation between the skull and the vertebral column.

A

occipital condyles

100
Q

Sinuses within bone are air-filled cavities. The paranasal sinuses, which connect to the nasal cavity, are the frontal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses and the ethmoidal labyrinth.

A

sphenoid bone

101
Q

occupied by the pituitary gland.

A

sella turcica

102
Q

The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum, and the hard palate separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.

A

ethmoid bone

103
Q

a point of attachment for one of the meninges.

A

crista galli

104
Q

extend into the roof of the nasal cavity through the cribriform plate.

A

olfactory nerves

105
Q

which is not attached to other bones, is the attachment site for the throat and tongue muscles.

A

hyoid bone

106
Q

contains 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae, plus 1 sacral bone and 1 coccyx bone.

A

vertebral column

107
Q

have transverse foramina

A

cervical vertebrae

108
Q

have long spinous processes and attachment sites for the ribs

A

thoracic vertebrae

109
Q

have rectangular transverse and spinous processes, and the position of their facets limits rotation

A

lumbar vertebrae

110
Q

a single, fused bone

A

sacrum

111
Q

4 or fewer fused vertebrae.

A

coccyx

112
Q

consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, and the sternum.

A

rib cage

113
Q

consists of the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.

A

sternum

114
Q

consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles.

A

apendicular skeleton

115
Q

includes the scapulae and clavicles.

A

pectorial girdle

116
Q

consists of the arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), wrist (8 carpal bones), and hand (5 metacarpal bones,
3 phalanges in each finger, and 2 phalanges in the thumb).

A

upper limb

117
Q

made up of the 2 hip bones. Each hip bone consists of an ilium, an ischium, and a pubis. The hip bones, sacrum, and соссух form the pelvis.

A

pelvic girdle

118
Q

includes the thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), ankle (7 tarsal bones), and foot (metatarsal bones and phalanges, similar to the bones in the hand).

A

lower limb

119
Q

place where bones come together.

A

joint

120
Q

consist of bones united by fibrous connective tissue.
They allow little or no movement.

A

fibrous joint

121
Q

consist of bones united by cartilage, and they exhibit slight movement.

A

carilaginous joints

122
Q

capable of considerable movement. They consist of the following:

A

synovial joint

123
Q

on the ends of bones that provides a smooth surface for articulation. Articular disks can provide additional support.

A

Articular cartilage

124
Q

surrounded by a joint capsule of fibrous connective tissue, which holds the bones together while permitting flexibility.

A

joint cavity

125
Q

produces synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint.

A

synovial membrane

126
Q

extensions of synovial joint cavities that protect skin, tendons, or bone from structures that could rub against them.

A

bursae

127
Q

flexion extension, abduction/ adduction, pronation/supination, eversion/inversion, rotation, circumduction, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, excursion. and opposition/reposition.

A

The major types of movement

anaphy lec (5 decks)

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