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cell Flashcards

1
Q

The basic living unit of all organisms. The simplest organisms consist of single cells, whereas humans are composed of multiple cells.

A

cell

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2
Q

an Organelle containing the cell’s genetic material.

A

nucleus

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3
Q

The living material surrounding the nucleus and it contains many types of organelles. It enclosed by the cell membrane, or plasma membrane.

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

commonly defined as “the smallest units of life,”

A

cells

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5
Q

The chemical reactions that occur within cells are collectively called cell metabolism. Energy released during metabolism is used for cell activities, such as the synthesis of new molecules, muscle contraction, and heat production, which helps maintain body temperature.

A
  1. Cell metabolism and energy use
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6
Q

The chemical reactions that occur within cells are collectively called cell metabolism. Energy released during metabolism is used for cell activities, such as the synthesis of new molecules, muscle contraction, and heat production, which helps maintain body temperature.

A

Cell metabolism and energy use

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7
Q

the outermost component of a cell.

A

The cell membrane, or plasma (PLAZ-mah) membrane

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8
Q

Substances outside the cell

A

extracellular substances

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9
Q

inside the cell

A

cytoplasmic, or intracellular,

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10
Q

Studies of the arrangement of molecules in the cell membrane have given rise to a model of its structure

A

fluid-mosaic model

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11
Q

phosphate-containing ends of the phospholipids are hydrophilic (water-loving) and therefore face the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm of the cell.

A

polar

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12
Q

fatty acid ends of the phospholipids are hydrophobic (water-fearing) and therefore face away from the fluid on either side of the membrane, toward the center of the double layer of phospholipids.

A

non polar

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13
Q

selectively permeable, meaning that they allow some substances, but not others, to pass into or out of the cells.

A

Cell membranes

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14
Q

generally composed of two major parts, solutes and the solvent.

A

solution

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15
Q

substances dissolved in a predominant liquid or gas, which is called the solvent. Ions or molecules, are in constant motion.

A

solutes

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16
Q

Each solute tends to move from an area where it is in higher concentration to an area where it is in lower concentration in solution.

A

diffusion

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17
Q

results from the natural, constant random motion of all solutes in a solution.

A

Diffusion

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18
Q

the difference in the concentration of a solute in a solvent between two points divided by the distance between the two points.

A

concentration gradient

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19
Q

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration

A

Osmosis

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20
Q

is important to cells because large volume changes caused by water movement can disrupt normal cell functions. Occurs when the cell membrane is less permeable, selectively permeable, or not permeable to solutes and a concentration gradient for water exists across the cell membrane.

A

osmosis

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21
Q

the force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmotic pressure

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22
Q

can be measured by placing a solution into a tube that is closed at one end by a selectively permeable membrane and immersing the tube in distilled water.

A

Osmotic pressure

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23
Q

solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water relative to the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

hypotonic

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24
Q

If the cell swells enough, it can rupture, a process

A

lysis

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25
Q

solution, the concentrations of various solutes and water are the same on both sides of the cell membrane. The cell therefore neither shrinks nor swells

A

isotonic

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26
Q

solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water relative to the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

hypertonic

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27
Q

When a cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution, water moves by osmosis from the cell into the hypertonic solution, resulting in cell shrinkage

A

creation

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28
Q

a mediated transport process, involving membrane proteins such as channels or carrier proteins, to move substance across the cell membrane.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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29
Q

necessary due to the selectively permeable nature of the membrane.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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30
Q

consist of large protein molecules that extend from one surface of cell membranes to the other

A

Cell membrane channels

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31
Q

constantly allow ions to pass through

A

Leak channels

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32
Q

limit the movement of ions across the membrane by opening and closing

A

Gated channels

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33
Q

which are proteins within the cell mem-brane, are also involved in facilitated diffusion. Can move water-soluble molecules or electrically charged ions across the cell membrane,

A

Carrier molecules

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34
Q

a process that utilizes membrane proteins to move substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient

A

Active transport

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35
Q

a genetic disorder that affects the active transport of CI- into cells.

A

Cystic fibrosis

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36
Q

involves the active transport of one substance, such as Na*, across the cell membrane, establishing a concentration gradient, which then provides the energy for moving a second substances across the membrane.

A

Secondary active transport

37
Q

a genetic disorder that occurs at a rate of approximately I per 2000 births and currently affects 33,000 people in the United States.

A

Cystic fibrosis

38
Q

the diffusing substance moves in the same direction as the transported substance

A

cotransport

39
Q

the diffusing substance moves in the same direction as the transported substance

A

cotransport

40
Q

the diffusing substance moves in a direction opposite to that of the transported substance

A

countertransport

41
Q

Large water-soluble molecules that cannot be transported by carrier molecules, small pieces of matter, and even whole cells can be transported across cell membranes in membrane-bound sack

A

vesicles

42
Q

the uptake of material through the cell membrane by the formation of a vesicle

A

Endocrtosis

43
Q

often used for endocylosis when solid particles are ingested.

A

phagocytosis

44
Q

distinguished from phagocytosis in that much smaller vesicles are formed, and they contain liquid rather than solid particles.

A

Pinocytosis

45
Q

the release of substances from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane

A

Exocytosis

46
Q

results in the uptake of materials by cells, and exocytosis allows for the release of materials from cells.

A

Endocytosis

47
Q

endothelial cells of blood capillaries, material is moved through the cell by

A

transcytosis.

48
Q

a large organelle within the cell

A

The nucleus

49
Q

The contents of the nucleus is separated from the rest of the cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

50
Q

during most of a cell’s life, the chromosomes are loosely coiled and collectively

A

chromatin

51
Q

are diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane that are found within the nucleus

A

nucleoli

52
Q

are the organelles where proteins are produced. May be attached to other organelles, such as the endo-plasmic reticulum.

A

Ribosomes

53
Q

a series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm

A

The endoplasmic reticulum

54
Q

ER with attached ribosomes. A large amount of rough ER in a cell indicates that it is synthesizing large amounts of protein for export from the cell.

A

rough er

55
Q

ER without attached ribosomes. A site for lipid synthesis and participates in detoxification of chemicals within cells. In skeletal muscle cells, the smooth ER stores calcium ions.

A

smooth er

56
Q

consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs. It collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the ER.

A

Golgi apparatus

57
Q

caused by the inability of lysosomal enzymes to break down the carbohydrate glycogen produced in certain cells.

A

Pompe disease

58
Q

are membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi apparatus. They contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems.

A

Lysosomes

59
Q

are small, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

60
Q

are small organelles with inner and outer membranes separated by a space

A

Mitochondria

61
Q

The outer membranes have a smooth contour, but the inner membranes have numerous folds

A

cristae

62
Q

The material within the inner membrane

A

mitochondrial matrix

63
Q

the main energy source for most chemical reactions within the cell.

A

ATP

64
Q

the internal framework of the cell.

A

The cytoskeleton

65
Q

hollow structures formed from protein subunits.

A

Microtubules.

66
Q

small fibrils formed from protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm, determining cell shape. Some of it are involved with cell movement.

A

Microfilaments

67
Q

fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments. They provide mechanical support to the cell.

A

Intermediate filaments

68
Q

A specific type of intermediate filament

A

keratin

69
Q

a specialized area of cytoplasm close to the nucleus where microtubule formation occurs.

A

The centrosome

70
Q

are cylindrical structures that extend from the cell. are composed of micro-tubules, organized in a pattern similar to that of centrioles, which are enclosed by the cell membrane. are numerous on surface cells that line the respiratory tract.

A

cilia

71
Q

have a structure similar to that of cilia but are much longer, and they usually occur only one per cell.

A

flagella

72
Q

are specialized extensions of the cell membrane

A

Microvilli

73
Q

the process by which information stored in the genes of DNA molecules directs the manufacture of the various proteins of our cells.

A

gene expression

74
Q

the first step in gene expression and it takes place in the nucleus of the cell.

A

Transcription

75
Q

There is one type of tRNA for each mRNA codon. In each tRNA there is a three-nucleotide sequence

A

anticodon

76
Q

The cell cycle includes two major phases: a nondividing phase.

A

interphase

77
Q

The cell cycle includes two major phases: a nondividing phase.

A

interphase

78
Q

the formation of daughter cells from a single parent cell.

A

Cell division

79
Q

Each of our body cells, except for reproductive cells

A

diploid

80
Q

The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes

A

autosomes

81
Q

Most cells of the body, except those that give rise to reproductive cells

A

mitosis

82
Q

Each chromosome is composed of two genetically identical strands of chromatin

A

chromatids

83
Q

linked by a specialized region

A

centromere

84
Q

the chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes each composed of the two chromatids as described above. Also during prophase, microtubules called spindle fibers extend from the centrioles. Some of these spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome. The centrioles divide and migrate to each pole of the cell. In late prophase, the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear.

A

prophase

85
Q

the chromosomes align near the center of the cell. The movement of the chromosomes is regulated by the attached spindle fibers.

A

metaphase

86
Q

the chromatids sepa-rate. When this happens, each chromatid is then called a chro-mosome. At this point, two identical sets of 46 chromosomes are present in the cell. Each of the two sets of 46 chromosomes is moved by the spindle filers toward the centriole at one of the poles of the cell. Each set of chromosomes has reached an opposite pole of the cell, and the cytoplasm begins to divide.

A

anaphase

87
Q

the chromosomes in each of the daughter cells become organized to form two separate nuclei, one in each newly formed daughter cell. The chromosomes begin to unravel and resemble the genetic material during interphase.

A

telophase

88
Q

The process by which cells develop with specialized structures and functions

A

differentiation

anaphy lec (5 decks)

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