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Physio > Sk/ Sm Musc, Bones, Joints > Flashcards

Sk/ Sm Musc, Bones, Joints Flashcards

1
Q

smooth muscle is arranged in…

A

layered sheets that contract in waves

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2
Q

myogenesis

A

formation of skeletal muscle

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3
Q

muscle fibers form thru the fusion of precursor ______ into multinucleated fibers called _______

A

myoblasts; myotubes

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4
Q

1st stage of myogenesis

A

cell cycle exit and commencement of expression of differentiation genes; commitment of stem (satellite) cells into myoblasts

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5
Q

2nd step of myogenesis

A

alignment of myoblasts

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6
Q

3rd step of myogenesis

A

cell fusion of myoblasts into myotubes

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7
Q

epimysium surrounds

A

muscle bundle

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8
Q

perimysium surrounds

A

fascicle

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9
Q

endomysium surrounds

A

muscle fiber

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10
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds

A

myofibril

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11
Q

smallest unit of skeletal muscle

A

sarcomere

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12
Q

skeletal muscle thin filament composed of 3 proteins:

A

actin, tropomyosin, troponin

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13
Q

G-actin vs F-actin

A

G-actin: globular protein composing F
F-actin: filamentous, helices

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14
Q

tropomyosin

A

filamentous protein, blocks myosin binding site at rest, regulator of muscle contraction

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15
Q

troponin general function

A

the sensor; tells other components when Ca2+ is present

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16
Q

troponin T

A

attaches troponin to tropomyosin

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17
Q

troponin I

A

inhibitory; inhibit interaction of actin/myosin by covering myosin binding site

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18
Q

troponin C

A

calcium binding site; changes conformation to allow actin/myosin binding

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19
Q

thick filaments composed of

A

myosin

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20
Q

myosin head domain

A

binds to actin, uses ATP hydrolysis to generate force and “walk” along filament

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21
Q

myosin neck domain

A

links head and tail, lever arm

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22
Q

myosin tail domain

A

contains binding sites that determine specific activities of a particular myosin

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23
Q

which filament is anchor? which is moveable scaffold?

A

anchor= thin
moveable scaffold= thick

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24
Q

Z-disk

A

end of sarcomere, in center of I-band

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24
A- band
span length of thick filament, some thin filament overlap
24
I-band
SHORTENS; thin filament and protein only with z-disk in middle
25
bare zone/ H-zone
no thin filament, M-line in middle
26
M-line
center of bare zone, connects thick filaments
27
cytoskeletal proteins (4)
establish architecture of myofibrils; dystrophin, titin, nebulin, alpha actinin
28
dystrophin
actin binding protein anchors entire myofibril array to cell membrane; defective in muscular dystrophy
29
titin
extends from z-disc to m-line thru thick filament; has elasticity near z-disc (prevent overcontraction)
30
nebulin
spans length of thin filament; helps sarcomere have proprioception of thick/thin filaments
31
alpha actinin
anchors thin filament to z-disk
32
where is Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) found?
membrane of SR
33
function of SERCA
keep intracellular Ca2+ low when muscle at rest
34
what mechanism translates muscle AP into production of tension
excitation-contraction coupling
35
how many Ca2+ ions can bind to trop C?
up to 4, each Ca incr trop C's affinity
36
what is a crossbridge?
intermolecular bonds between actin and myosin
37
rigor
actin and myosin tightly bound at rest, rigid
38
is ATP bound to myosin at beginning of cycle?
no
39
ATP is hydrolyzed into
ADP and Pi
40
how far does each cross-bridge move the myosin head?
10nm
41
what determines amt of tension that a muscle fiber can produce?
number of cross-bridges
42
which protein is like a rubber band?
titin; must be stretched (delay in force of contraction and relaxation)
43
single twitch
muscle fiber restimulated after relaxation; 2nd twitch is same magnitude as 1st
44
twitch summation
if a fiber is restimulated before complete relaxation; 2nd twitch adds to 1st
45
tetanus
fiber is stimulated so rapidly that it cannot relax at all; maximal sustained contraction
46
passive tension
tension developed from simply stretching
47
total tension
when muscle is stimulated to contract at different preloads; sum of active and passive
48
active tension
force developed during cross-bridge cycling; subtracting passive from total tension
49
pre-load
position/stretching of muscle prior to contraction
50
force-velocity relationship is determined by...
allowing the muscle to shorten
51
weight of the object=
preload
52
force needed to lift the object against gravity is
afterload
53
maximal tension
when thick and thin filaments overlap to the greatest degree
54
we classify muscle based on the _____________
specific myosin heavy chain protein
55
smooth muscle is found
in the walls of hollow organs: GI tracts, bladder, uterus, vasculature, ureters, bronchioles, eye muscles
56
2 functions of smooth muscle
produce motility; maintain tension
57
shape of smooth muscle cells
spindle
58
what are the 2 intermediate filaments and protein found in dense bodies?
alpha-actinin; vimentin and desmin
59
where is unitary smooth muscle found
GI tract, bladder, uterus, ureter
60
where is combination unitary/multiunit smooth muscle found
vasculature
61
where is multiunit smooth muscle found
iris, ciliary muscles of lens, vas deferens
62
does unitary or multiunit sm muscle have more precise control during contraction?
multiunit
63
thin filaments in smooth muscle
calponin and caldesmon
64
the amount of tension in smooth muscle cells is proportional to ....
amt of intracellular Ca2+
65
what provides tensile strength between sarcomeres in cardiac muscle?
desmosomes
66
is cardiac muscle slow or fast twitch?
slow, but cannot be tetanized
67
are cardiac cells more similar to skeletal or smooth muscle?
skeletal; similar sarcomeres
68
_______ and _______ regulate levels of calcium and phosphorus by resorption
parathyroid hormone; vitamin D
69
fluoride provides what kind of strength of bones?
tensile
70
hydroxyapatite provides _____ strength while collagen provides ______ strength
compressive; tensile
71
2 types of bone tissue
lamellar, woven
72
does spongy or compact bone comprise more of the body's bones?
compact is 80% of bone tissue
73
which marrow is "mature" marrow?
yellow
74
what is a growth plate
"physis" - transverse cartilage plate in juvenile bones
75
how do growth plates add to bone length?
add cartilage to side near joint, other side of plate ossifies; endochondral ossification
76
epiphysis
cap of spongy bone, usually widest part, from growth plate to articular surface
77
metaphysis
funnel shaped area of spongy bone connecting growth plate to diaphysis
78
diaphysis
shaft of bone
79
long bones are primarily in
extremities
80
short and flat bones
make up feet, hands, skull, ribs, pelvis, scapula, spine
81
irregular bones
no easily characterized shape
82
sesamoid bones
small; commonly found embedded in muscle or tendon near joint surfaces
83
periosteum
tough cartilaginous membrane covering bone; contains osteoblasts, nerves, blood vessels
84
components of osteoid
bone matrix and protein fibers
85
lacunae
tiny pores, osteoblasts get stuck in them and become osteocytes
86
canaliculi
channels linking osteocytes
87
which types of bone cells are regulated by parathyroid and vitamin D
osteoclasts and osteoblasts
88
appositional growth
method by which bones grow; at interface of one surface with another
89
synarthrosis
no movement (skull)
90
amphiarthrosis
limited twisting or sliding (vertebrae)
91
diarthrosis
allows full motion (fingers)
92
fibrous joints
synarthroses join bone by fibrous tissue; no space
93
cartilaginous joints
amphiarthroses join bones by cartilage; no space, limited movement
94
synovial joints
diarthroses join bones by ligaments (joint space, large range of motion)
95
where is bursae found (2)
between tendon/bone; between skin/bony protuberance

Physio (4 decks)

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