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Physio > Sk/ Sm Musc, Bones, Joints > Flashcards

Sk/ Sm Musc, Bones, Joints Flashcards

1
Q

smooth muscle is arranged in…

A

layered sheets that contract in waves

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2
Q

myogenesis

A

formation of skeletal muscle

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3
Q

muscle fibers form thru the fusion of precursor ______ into multinucleated fibers called _______

A

myoblasts; myotubes

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4
Q

1st stage of myogenesis

A

cell cycle exit and commencement of expression of differentiation genes; commitment of stem (satellite) cells into myoblasts

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5
Q

2nd step of myogenesis

A

alignment of myoblasts

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6
Q

3rd step of myogenesis

A

cell fusion of myoblasts into myotubes

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7
Q

epimysium surrounds

A

muscle bundle

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8
Q

perimysium surrounds

A

fascicle

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9
Q

endomysium surrounds

A

muscle fiber

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10
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds

A

myofibril

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11
Q

smallest unit of skeletal muscle

A

sarcomere

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12
Q

skeletal muscle thin filament composed of 3 proteins:

A

actin, tropomyosin, troponin

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13
Q

G-actin vs F-actin

A

G-actin: globular protein composing F
F-actin: filamentous, helices

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14
Q

tropomyosin

A

filamentous protein, blocks myosin binding site at rest, regulator of muscle contraction

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15
Q

troponin general function

A

the sensor; tells other components when Ca2+ is present

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16
Q

troponin T

A

attaches troponin to tropomyosin

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17
Q

troponin I

A

inhibitory; inhibit interaction of actin/myosin by covering myosin binding site

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18
Q

troponin C

A

calcium binding site; changes conformation to allow actin/myosin binding

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19
Q

thick filaments composed of

A

myosin

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20
Q

myosin head domain

A

binds to actin, uses ATP hydrolysis to generate force and “walk” along filament

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21
Q

myosin neck domain

A

links head and tail, lever arm

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22
Q

myosin tail domain

A

contains binding sites that determine specific activities of a particular myosin

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23
Q

which filament is anchor? which is moveable scaffold?

A

anchor= thin
moveable scaffold= thick

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24
Q

Z-disk

A

end of sarcomere, in center of I-band

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24
Q

A- band

A

span length of thick filament, some thin filament overlap

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24
Q

I-band

A

SHORTENS; thin filament and protein only with z-disk in middle

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25
Q

bare zone/ H-zone

A

no thin filament, M-line in middle

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26
Q

M-line

A

center of bare zone, connects thick filaments

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27
Q

cytoskeletal proteins (4)

A

establish architecture of myofibrils; dystrophin, titin, nebulin, alpha actinin

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28
Q

dystrophin

A

actin binding protein anchors entire myofibril array to cell membrane; defective in muscular dystrophy

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29
Q

titin

A

extends from z-disc to m-line thru thick filament; has elasticity near z-disc (prevent overcontraction)

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30
Q

nebulin

A

spans length of thin filament; helps sarcomere have proprioception of thick/thin filaments

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31
Q

alpha actinin

A

anchors thin filament to z-disk

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32
Q

where is Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) found?

A

membrane of SR

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33
Q

function of SERCA

A

keep intracellular Ca2+ low when muscle at rest

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34
Q

what mechanism translates muscle AP into production of tension

A

excitation-contraction coupling

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35
Q

how many Ca2+ ions can bind to trop C?

A

up to 4, each Ca incr trop C’s affinity

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36
Q

what is a crossbridge?

A

intermolecular bonds between actin and myosin

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37
Q

rigor

A

actin and myosin tightly bound at rest, rigid

38
Q

is ATP bound to myosin at beginning of cycle?

A

no

39
Q

ATP is hydrolyzed into

A

ADP and Pi

40
Q

how far does each cross-bridge move the myosin head?

A

10nm

41
Q

what determines amt of tension that a muscle fiber can produce?

A

number of cross-bridges

42
Q

which protein is like a rubber band?

A

titin; must be stretched (delay in force of contraction and relaxation)

43
Q

single twitch

A

muscle fiber restimulated after relaxation; 2nd twitch is same magnitude as 1st

44
Q

twitch summation

A

if a fiber is restimulated before complete relaxation; 2nd twitch adds to 1st

45
Q

tetanus

A

fiber is stimulated so rapidly that it cannot relax at all; maximal sustained contraction

46
Q

passive tension

A

tension developed from simply stretching

47
Q

total tension

A

when muscle is stimulated to contract at different preloads; sum of active and passive

48
Q

active tension

A

force developed during cross-bridge cycling; subtracting passive from total tension

49
Q

pre-load

A

position/stretching of muscle prior to contraction

50
Q

force-velocity relationship is determined by…

A

allowing the muscle to shorten

51
Q

weight of the object=

A

preload

52
Q

force needed to lift the object against gravity is

A

afterload

53
Q

maximal tension

A

when thick and thin filaments overlap to the greatest degree

54
Q

we classify muscle based on the _____________

A

specific myosin heavy chain protein

55
Q

smooth muscle is found

A

in the walls of hollow organs: GI tracts, bladder, uterus, vasculature, ureters, bronchioles, eye muscles

56
Q

2 functions of smooth muscle

A

produce motility; maintain tension

57
Q

shape of smooth muscle cells

A

spindle

58
Q

what are the 2 intermediate filaments and protein found in dense bodies?

A

alpha-actinin; vimentin and desmin

59
Q

where is unitary smooth muscle found

A

GI tract, bladder, uterus, ureter

60
Q

where is combination unitary/multiunit smooth muscle found

A

vasculature

61
Q

where is multiunit smooth muscle found

A

iris, ciliary muscles of lens, vas deferens

62
Q

does unitary or multiunit sm muscle have more precise control during contraction?

A

multiunit

63
Q

thin filaments in smooth muscle

A

calponin and caldesmon

64
Q

the amount of tension in smooth muscle cells is proportional to ….

A

amt of intracellular Ca2+

65
Q

what provides tensile strength between sarcomeres in cardiac muscle?

A

desmosomes

66
Q

is cardiac muscle slow or fast twitch?

A

slow, but cannot be tetanized

67
Q

are cardiac cells more similar to skeletal or smooth muscle?

A

skeletal; similar sarcomeres

68
Q

_______ and _______ regulate levels of calcium and phosphorus by resorption

A

parathyroid hormone; vitamin D

69
Q

fluoride provides what kind of strength of bones?

A

tensile

70
Q

hydroxyapatite provides _____ strength while collagen provides ______ strength

A

compressive; tensile

71
Q

2 types of bone tissue

A

lamellar, woven

72
Q

does spongy or compact bone comprise more of the body’s bones?

A

compact is 80% of bone tissue

73
Q

which marrow is “mature” marrow?

A

yellow

74
Q

what is a growth plate

A

“physis” - transverse cartilage plate in juvenile bones

75
Q

how do growth plates add to bone length?

A

add cartilage to side near joint, other side of plate ossifies; endochondral ossification

76
Q

epiphysis

A

cap of spongy bone, usually widest part, from growth plate to articular surface

77
Q

metaphysis

A

funnel shaped area of spongy bone connecting growth plate to diaphysis

78
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of bone

79
Q

long bones are primarily in

A

extremities

80
Q

short and flat bones

A

make up feet, hands, skull, ribs, pelvis, scapula, spine

81
Q

irregular bones

A

no easily characterized shape

82
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small; commonly found embedded in muscle or tendon near joint surfaces

83
Q

periosteum

A

tough cartilaginous membrane covering bone; contains osteoblasts, nerves, blood vessels

84
Q

components of osteoid

A

bone matrix and protein fibers

85
Q

lacunae

A

tiny pores, osteoblasts get stuck in them and become osteocytes

86
Q

canaliculi

A

channels linking osteocytes

87
Q

which types of bone cells are regulated by parathyroid and vitamin D

A

osteoclasts and osteoblasts

88
Q

appositional growth

A

method by which bones grow; at interface of one surface with another

89
Q

synarthrosis

A

no movement (skull)

90
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

limited twisting or sliding (vertebrae)

91
Q

diarthrosis

A

allows full motion (fingers)

92
Q

fibrous joints

A

synarthroses join bone by fibrous tissue; no space

93
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

amphiarthroses join bones by cartilage; no space, limited movement

94
Q

synovial joints

A

diarthroses join bones by ligaments (joint space, large range of motion)

95
Q

where is bursae found (2)

A

between tendon/bone;
between skin/bony protuberance

Physio (4 decks)

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