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Physio > Lect 5-Mechanics & Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Lect 5-Mechanics & Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

conducting zone

A

brings air into and out of lungs

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2
Q

respiratory zone

A

where gas exchange occurs

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3
Q

structures comprising conducting zone

A

nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

main conducting airway

A

trachea

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5
Q

innervation of what neurons/receptors leads to relaxation and dilation of the airways?

A

sympathetic adrenergic neurons, B2 receptors

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6
Q

innervation of what neurons/receptors leads to contraction and constriction of airways?

A

parasympathetic cholinergic; M3 receptors

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7
Q

area of most airway resistance

A

bronchioles

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8
Q

where are club “clara” cells and what do they do

A

bronchioles; secrete protective glycosaminoglycans

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9
Q

epithelial cell phenotype in bronchi

A

ciliated columnar

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10
Q

epithelial cell phenotype in bronchioles

A

ciliated columnar

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11
Q

epithelial cell phenotype in respiratory bronchioles

A

cuboidal ciliated

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12
Q

structures of respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

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13
Q

type I pneumocytes

A

gas exchange; squamous; nonreplicating

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14
Q

type II pneumocytes

A

make surfactant; columnar, can differentiate into type I

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15
Q

function of alveolar macrophages

A

keep alveoli free of debris (no cilia); found in inter-alveolar septum

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16
Q

pulmonary coupling=

A

alveoli + vasculature

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17
Q

blood supply to lungs

A

pulmonary artery + branches

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18
Q

when standing, where is pulmonary blood flow focused?

A

lower lobes (gravity)

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19
Q

which side of the heart is assoc w lungs

A

right side (deox blood travelling to lungs)

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20
Q

bronchial circulation is the blood flow to the…

A

conducting zone

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21
Q

does bronchial blood flow participate in gas exchange?

A

no… except for a few respiratory bronchioles; the blood just perfuses the lungs themselves

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22
Q

pulmonary function test

A

measure volume of gas in lungs at a given time

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23
Q

tidal volume

A

amt of air that can be inhaled/exhaled during one resp cycle (300-500mL)

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24
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume that can be forcibly inspired above tidal volume (3000mL)

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25
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume that can be forcibly expired below tidal volume (1200mL)

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26
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation (1000-1200mL) can only be indirectly measured

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27
Q

capacities contain ____ or more lung volumes

A

2

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28
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume (500+3000)

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29
Q

functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume (1200+1200)
the volume remaining in lungs after a normal, passive exhale

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30
Q

vital capacity

A

inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve (3500 + 1200)

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31
Q

total lung capacity

A

vital capacity + residual volume (4700+1200)

32
Q

total average lung capacity

A

6L (includes theoretical amt of capacity)

33
Q

how many L is a normal functional residual capacity

A

3L

34
Q

at FRC, the airway pressure is >, =, < than atmospheric pressure?

A

EQUAL

35
Q

dead space

A

volume of air that is inhaled but does not participate in gas exchange because it remains in conducting airways

36
Q

anatomic dead space

A

volume of conducting airways (150mL)

37
Q

alveolar dead space

A

sum of volumes of alveoli that have no blood flow; ventilated but not perfused

38
Q

physiological dead space

A

(total dead space)
=anatomic + alveolar

39
Q

in a healthy individual, what is the ratio of anatomic: physiologic dead space?

A

roughly equal
physio ds= anatomic ds + alveolar ds

40
Q

ventilation rate

A

volume of air moved into and out of lungs per unit time

41
Q

minute ventilation

A

total rate of air movement
=tidal volume x RR

42
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

corrects for physiologic dead space and only considers am of air capable of gas exchange
=(tidal v-physio ds) x RR

43
Q

in a normal person, FEV1/FVC is about…

A

0.8L

44
Q

____% of the vital capacity can be expired in the first second of forced expiration

A

80%

45
Q

accessory muscles for inspiration

A

external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes

46
Q

what happens to intrathoracic V and P when the diaphragm contracts?

A

increase in V, decrease in P so air flows in

47
Q

accessory muscles for expiration

A

abdominals, internal intercostals

48
Q

transmural pressure

A

the pressure inside a compartment relative to outside compartment (alveolus)

49
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

difference between intraalveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure

50
Q

intra-alveolar pressure is always (greater/equal/less than) intrapleural pressure

A

greater than

51
Q

alveolar surfactant produced by

A

type II pneumocytes; it acts as a soap to reduce surface tension

52
Q

surfactant (incr/decr) compliance?

A

increase

53
Q

a pneumothorax occurs when air enters the _______

A

intrapleural space… pressure becomes equal to atmospheric… atelectasis

54
Q

airflow is __________ to resistance of the airways

A

inversely proportional; more resistance, less flow

55
Q

the pressure gradient in the thoracic cavity is accomplished by…

A

contraction of inspiratory muscles

56
Q

3 phases of breathing cycle

A

rest/pause, inspiration, expiration

57
Q

at rest… alveolar pressure? intrapleural? transmural?

A

alveolar= equals atmospheric
intrapleural= negative
transmural= positive, keeping alveoli open (alv pressure - intrapleural)

58
Q

during inspiration, alveolar pressure? intrapleural pressure?

A

alveolar- falls as volume increases
intrapleural- more negative

59
Q

during expiration, intrapleural pressure? alveolar?

A

intrapleural- less negative
alveolar- becomes positive as elastic forces compress

60
Q

forced expiration raises what type of pressure?

A

intrapleural

61
Q

resistance is determined by

A

Poiseuille law

62
Q

what part of the respiratory tract has the highest airway resistance?

A

medium-sized bronchi… due to their directional changes

63
Q

alveolar interdependence

A

alveoli tend to hold each other open thru mechanical tethering

64
Q

dalton’s law

A

total pressure is sum of partial pressures

65
Q

henrys law

A

amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid

66
Q

transfer of gasses across cell membranes occurs by

A

simple diffusion

67
Q

fick’s law states

A

the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to diffusion coefficient, surface area, partial pressure differences (driving force), thickness of membrane

68
Q

lung diffusing capacity

A

measures how well the lungs move gas from air into bloodstream; uses CO

69
Q

diffusing capacity of lung for CO

A

(DLCO), technique that helps to measure lung diffusing capacity

70
Q

emphysema

A

destruction of alveoli, decrease in surface area; net decrease in lung diffusion capacity

71
Q

pulmonary fibrosis or edema

A

increase in alveolar membrane thickness; net decrease in lung diffusion capacity

72
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

converts CO2 to HCO3-

73
Q

most CO2 is carried in the blood as…

A

HCO3-

74
Q

physiological shunt

A

small % of blood that bypasses the alveoli and drains directly into left ventricle

75
Q

strenuous exercise (incr O2 demand) can cause periods of …

A

diffusion limitation

76
Q

altitude effects on perfusion

A

pressure reduced, lower pressure, slower diffusion rate

Physio (4 decks)

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