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ARE 5.0 - P&A > Site Analysis > Flashcards

Site Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula to calculate slope?

A

G=d/L x 100%

G= slope of land (%)
d= vertical distance between contours (ft)
L= horizontal distance between contours (ft)
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2
Q

List 3 things solar orientation can influence on site planning

A
  1. Orientation of building to control solar heat gain/loss
  2. Location of outdoor spaces / activities
  3. Location of building entries (best on south bc sun will melt snow/ice)
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3
Q

When is the sun the lowest in the N hemisphere?

A

Dec 21 winter solstice

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4
Q

When is the sun the highest in the N hemisphere

A

June 21 (summer solstice)

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5
Q

Solar altitude

A

Angle above horizon

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6
Q

Azimuth

A

Angle of sun N/S of an E/W line

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7
Q

What orientation is best for a bldg in the N hemisphere?

A

Facing south. Just east of south (5°-25° east of south is best to maximize heat gain in winter and minimize heat gain in summer)

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8
Q

What is more effective for passive solar heating in winter - window overhangs or vertical baffles?

A

Baffles because the sun is lower in the morning/afternoon

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9
Q

List the 4 climate regions of N America

A
  1. Cool (Canada, N US, Rocky mountains)
  2. Temperate (middle US, NW US, NE US)
  3. Hot humid (SE US)
  4. Hot arid (SW US)
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10
Q

List some cold climate design strategies

A
  • goal is to minimize exposed surface area to reduce heat loss & minimize northern exposure
  • air locks at entries
  • landscaping to block winter winds
  • mech & active solar heating
  • large windows facing south, small windows east/west
  • dark materials for building exterior
  • use interior materials with high thermal mass
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11
Q

List some design strategies for temperate climates

A
  • minimize northern exposure, maximize southern exposure
  • shade southern exposure with deciduous trees
  • buildings best oriented with long direction along E-W axis
  • active & passive solar heating
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12
Q

List some design strategies for hot-humid climates

A
  • maximize natural ventilation (narrow floor plans with cross-ventilation, porches, etc.)
  • shading
  • use building materials with minimal thermal mass
  • light color materials for building exterior
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13
Q

List some design strategies for hot-arid climates

A

-use materials with high thermal mass
-pools, roof ponds (for 1-2 story buildings)
-minimize opening sizes
Light color building materials on exterior

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14
Q

List 3 types of alternate energy systems

A
  1. Passive Solar Heating
  2. Natural Cooling
  3. Active Solar
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15
Q

Passive Solar Cooling

A

Utilizes shading, natural ventilation, radiative, evaporative, ground coupling methods

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16
Q

Radiative Cooling

A

Use thermal mass to store heat during day, release heat at night.

Type of passive cooling method

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17
Q

Ground Coupling

A

Use stable coolness of earth to cool building, typically by using ground source heat pump

Type of passive cooling method

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18
Q

What are other ways to implement natural cooling on a site?

A
  • trees (shade)
  • fixed shading devices (horizontal on south facade, vertical on north)
  • use light colored / reflective materials
  • limit use of paving
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19
Q

Passive Solar Heating Strategies

A
  • orient long axis of building on E/W axis

- plant deciduous trees along E & W facades

20
Q

List the 4 types of topography depicted by contour lines

A
  1. Ridge
  2. Valley
  3. Concave slope
  4. Convex slope
21
Q

Ridge

A

Contour lines point in direction of downslope

22
Q

Valley / Swale

A

Contour lines point in direction of upslope

23
Q

Concave Slope

A

Closely spaced contour lines near top of slope

24
Q

Convex Slope

A

Closely spaced lines at bottom of slope

25
Q

With a sloping site, how is a building best oriented?

A

Parallel to direction of contours, to minimize cost of excavation & fill

26
Q

What must new contour lines match up with?

A

Existing property line

27
Q

Contour Line

A

Show elevation of land in plan view, used for slope analysis

28
Q

Contour interval

A

Difference in elevation between contour lines

29
Q

Slope

A

Represented as percentage, each 1% being 1 ft of vertical rise for every 100ft of horizontal distance

30
Q

What % slopes are usable or all types of intense activities & easy to build on?

A

0%-4% slopes

31
Q

What % slopes are suitable for outdoor activity, & can be built on without much difficulty?

A

4%-10% slopes

32
Q

What % slopes are difficult to climb on/use for outdoor activity, & are difficult & expensive to build on?

A

> 10% slopes

33
Q

What % slopes are very steep and subject to erosion?

A

> 25% slopes

34
Q

Water Table

A

Underground level below which the soil is saturated with water. Generally follows slope of grade above

35
Q

Runoff coefficient

A

Fraction of total precipitation not absorbed into ground

36
Q

What things can increase runoff coefficient?

A

Roof runoff, runoff from roads, parking lots

37
Q

Silt Fence

A

Temp. Fencing designed to allow water to pass through while filtering out sediment, and allowing sediment to settle.

Placed along the perimeter(s) where drainage would occur.

Helps to manage runoff during construction by installing before excavation.

38
Q

How is soil classified?

A

By grain size and if it’s organic / non-organic

39
Q

What 4 types of soil are there?

A
  1. Sand
  2. Gravel
  3. Silt
  4. Clay
40
Q

Gravel

A

> 2 mm in diameter

Good for construction loads, drainage, sewage drain fields

Bad for landscaping

41
Q

Sand

A

0.05 mm-2 mm in diameter

Good for construction loads, drainage, sewage drain fields

Bad for landscaping

42
Q

Silt

A

0.002 mm-0.05 mm in diameter

Stable when dry, unstable when wet

Foundations & road basins must extend below silt

43
Q

Clay

A

< .002 mm in diameter

Smooth and floury when dry, plastic & sticky when wet

Expands when wet, subject to slippage

Bad for foundations unless it can be kept dry

Bad for drainage

44
Q

What kind of site is best for building (& least expensive for foundations)?

A

One with sand, gravel, and bedrock

45
Q

What 9 things must the architect analyze during site analysis?

A
  1. Soil type
  2. Moisture content
  3. Depth of topsoil
  4. Depth to water table
  5. Depth to bedrock
  6. Drainage characteristics
  7. Susceptibility to compaction
  8. Soil fertility
  9. Rock outcropping DDS
46
Q

Brownfield

A

Site whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by presence or potential presence of hazardous substance, pollutant,or contaminant

-EPA provides funding for redevelopment

ARE 5.0 - P&A (5 decks)

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