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ARE 5.0 - P&A > Selection Of Structural Systems > Flashcards

Selection Of Structural Systems Flashcards

1
Q

One-way structural system

A

Load transmitted through material in one direction at a time

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2
Q

Joists

A

Light, closely spaced members spanning between beams / bearing walls

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3
Q

What is the most common type of solid wood beams?

A

Plank and beam system

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4
Q

Plank and beam system

A

Members of 4-6” thicknrssvspan between beams/girders at spacing of 4,6,8 ft. Wood decking is used to span between beams.

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5
Q

Lightweight I-shaped joists

A

Factory made - consists of top and bottom chord of solid or laminated construction separated by a plywood or oriented strand board web

Longer spans than typical wood joist system

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6
Q

When would you use a lightweight I-shaped joist system?

A

For residential or light commercial construction

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7
Q

What are 4 benefits of steel structural systems?

A
  1. Availability
  2. Adaptability
  3. High strength
  4. Ductile
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8
Q

Ductile

A

Member can tolerate some deformation and will return to its original shape

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9
Q

What are 2 common steel structural systems?

A
  1. Beam and girder

2. Open web steel joists

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10
Q

What distances do beams and girders span?

A 
Girders = short distances
Beams = longer distances
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11
Q

What is the typical span for steel beam and girder structural systems?

A

40-80 feet

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12
Q

What’re 2 types of open web steel joist systems?

A
  1. Long span (up to 96 foot spans)

2. Deep long span (up to 144 foot spans)

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13
Q

What type of construction is the open web steel joist system best suited for?

A

Low rise construction where floor to floor height is not critical

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14
Q

What is a disadvantage when using a cast-in place concrete structural system?

A

It requires framework, takes a lot of time

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15
Q

What is a benefit of a cast-in place structural system?

A

Unlimited shapes

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16
Q

What are 2 benefits if using pre-cast structural systems?

A
  1. Good quality control (factory made)

2. Quick construction time

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17
Q

Tilt up panels

A

Concrete wall panels pre-cast on site

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18
Q

What are 2 examples of one-way concrete structural systems?

A
  1. Beam and girder

2. Concrete joists

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19
Q

What are 3 benefits to using a concrete beam and girder structural system?

A
  1. Economical
  2. Easy to form
  3. Allows penetrations / openings in slabs
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20
Q

List 3 types of two-way concrete structural systems

A
  1. Flat plate (simplest)
  2. Flat slab
  3. Waffle slab
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21
Q

When would you use a two-way concrete structural system?

A

For rectilinear bays where the distance between columns is the same in both directions

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22
Q

When would you use a flat plate concrete structural system?

A

For lighter loads and shorter spans (loads increase near the columns) and when floor to floor height must be kept to a minimum

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23
Q

When would you use a flat slab concrete structural system?

A

For heavier loads. Slab thickness will be increased at the columns or column capitals will be added to resist shear failures

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24
Q

Which of the 3 two-way concrete structural systems can handle the heaviest loads and longest spans?

A

Waffle slab (spans up to 40 feet)

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25
Q

What type of concrete is pre-stressed?

A

Pre-cast concrete

26
Q

Pre-stressed

A

High-strength cables are stretched in pre-cast forms, before concrete is poured. Once concrete achieves min. Strength, the cables are released, transferring compressive stresses into the concrete

27
Q

Post-tensioned concrete

A

Post-tensioning steel (tendons) stressed after concrete has been poured and cured

28
Q

When is post-tensioned concrete useful?

A

For jobs requiring high strength, but it’s too difficult to transport pre-cast members to the site

29
Q

What are 4 benefits to using masonry?

A
  1. High compressive strength
  2. Fire / weathering resistant
  3. Weak to tension & bending
  4. Offers strength & design flexibility
30
Q

List the 3 types of masonry bearing wall construction

A
  1. Single wythe
  2. Double wythe
  3. Cavity
31
Q

Why must the joints of masonry units be reinforced horizontally at regular intervals?

A

To control shrinkage and cracks. Multiple wythes must be tied together

32
Q

Slenderness ratio

A

Ratio of wall’s unsupported height to its thickness. Indication of ability of wall to resist buckling when compressive load is applied from above

33
Q

What 3 things determine the thickness of masonry walls?

A
  1. Slenderness ratio
  2. Flexural strength
  3. Fire resistance
34
Q

Composite construction

A

Structural system consisting of two or more materials designed to act together to resist loads

35
Q

What is the most common type of composite construction?

A

Reinforced concrete

36
Q

What is the most important thing to consider when attaching exterior facing?

A

Expansion & contraction due to temperature changes and slight movement of structural frame

37
Q

What is the primary limiting factor in using trusses?

A

Transporting to job site

38
Q

List two types of supports for arches

A
  1. Hinged

2. Fixed

39
Q

What force is a hinged arch primarily subject to?

A

Compression

40
Q

Describe the relationship between thrust and rise of an arch

A

Thrust is inversely proportional to the rise. If the rise is reduced by one half, the thrust doubles.

41
Q

List the material spans for arches from smallest spans to greatest

A
  1. Wood (50-240 feet)
  2. Concrete (20-320 feet)
  3. Steel (50-500 feet)
42
Q

Rigid frame

A

Constructed so vertical and horizontal members work as a single structural unit

43
Q

Why are rigid frames efficient?

A

Members resist loads together, not individually

44
Q

What happens when you increase the stiffness of a rigid frame?

A

The thrust increases

45
Q

What type of rigid frame system is used for single story structures?

A

Gabled frame

46
Q

Space frame

A

Structural system consisting of trusses in 2 directions rigidly connected at their intersections

47
Q

What are space frames most efficient for?

A

Enclosing large rectilinear areas. Also very stiff which means increased spans (up to 350 feet)

Lightweight, reduced fabrication / erection time

48
Q

What spans do you get with folded plates?

A

30-100 feet

49
Q

How are folded plates constructed?

A

Reinforced concrete 3-6” thick

50
Q

Span for thin shell system?

A

40-200 feet

51
Q

What is a disadvantage of suspension structures?

A

Instability due to wind / other loading

52
Q

What holds inflatable structures in place?

A

Air pressure that’s greater than the outside pressure

53
Q

Disadvantage of inflatable structure

54
Q

Uses for inflatable structures

A

Sports arenas, or large single-space buildings

55
Q

List 5 criteria to consider when selecting a structural system?

A
  1. Resistance to loads (live and dead)
  2. Building use & function
  3. Integration with other building systems
  4. Cost influences
  5. Fire resistance
56
Q

What two materials are inherently fire resistant?

A

Concrete and masonry

57
Q

What is disadvantage of steel when it comes to fire resistance?

A

Steel must be fireproofed, which increases cost

58
Q

Which has greater span capabilities - folded plates or thin shell structural systems?

A

Thin shell (up to 200 ft)

Folded plates are only up to 100 ft

59
Q

List types of two-way concrete structural systems by span capability from smallest span to greatest span

A
  1. Flat plate (up to 25 feet)
  2. Flat slab (up to 30 feet)
  3. Waffle slab (up to 40 feet)
60
Q

Of the two one way concrete structural systems, which one has a greater span range?

A

Concrete joists (20-30 feet)

Beam and girders only span up to 15-30 feet

61
Q

List types of wood structural systems from smallest span range to the greatest

A
  1. Plank and beam system (only 10-20 ft)
  2. Wood joists (20-25 ft)
  3. Lightweight I-shaped joist
  4. Truss (24-40 ft)
  5. Glulam (15-60 ft)

ARE 5.0 - P&A (5 decks)

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