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ARE 5.0 - P&A > Building Context > Flashcards

Building Context Flashcards

1
Q

Expanding Grid

A

Type of development pattern starting at intersection of 2 major roads. Laid out on grid. Ex: Philly

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2
Q

Star Pattern

A

Type of development pattern where development follows radiating spokes of major highways / transportation from dense core.
-High density along spokes
-Low density b/t spokes
Ex: Chicago

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3
Q

Satellite Pattern

A

Type of development pattern where large dense urban core is surrounded by major urban areas.
-satellites linked to core by highways
-satellites linked to themselves by beltway
Ex: Houston

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4
Q

Field Pattern

A

Type of development pattern with no central focus or organization.
-amorphous network of highways / natural features
Ex: LA

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5
Q

Megalopolis

A

Type of development pattern where 2 or more large urban areas grow together.
-ultimate form of urban development
Ex: LA

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6
Q

Imageability

A

quality of physical environment evokes strong mental image

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7
Q

What are 5 basic elements of imageability?

A
  1. Paths (circulation)
  2. Edges (linear element, boundary b/t areas - can be path)
  3. Districts (identifying character separate from city)
  4. Nodes (point of reference - can be entered)
  5. Landmarks (point of reference viewed from exterior)
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8
Q

Edge

A

Element of imageability
-linear element / boundary
-can also be path
Ex: Buildings around Central Park create boundary around park

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9
Q

District

A

Element of imageability; area / neighborhood with identifying characteristic separate from city.
Ex: Georgetown in DC

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10
Q

Node

A

Element of imageability; focal point that people can enter.

Ex: Plaza or public square

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11
Q

Landmark

A

Element of imageability; point of reference viewed from exterior.
-may or may not be entered
Ex: Washington Monument

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12
Q

Superblock

A

Large piece of land with limited intrusion.
-minimize impact of car on housing
-development of park space within block
Ex: NYCHA

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13
Q

PUD (Planned Unit Development)

A

Large parcel of land with mixed uses

  • variety of lot sizes / densities
  • standards determined by local planning agency
  • efficient use of land
  • extra land used for public / open spaces
  • variety of housing options
  • group compatible uses without regulation of zoning setbacks
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14
Q

What are 6 standards of PUDs?

A
  1. Permitted uses
  2. FAR
  3. Amount of open space
  4. # of / configuration of parking spaces
  5. Max. Bldg heights
  6. Required setbacks & proximity of structures
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15
Q

Density

A

Number of people per area.

-does not indicate how people are distributed

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16
Q

FAR

A

Floor area ratio (ratio of developed floor space to land area)

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17
Q

Sociopetal

A

Bring people together

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18
Q

Sociofugal

A

Discourage social interaction

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of personal space?

A
  1. Intimate (6”-18”)
  2. Personal (1.5’-2’)
  3. Social (4’-12’)
  4. Public (>12’)
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20
Q

Catchment Area

A

Geographical region a population resides in that affects land development.
-physical or artificial boundary lines
-knowing gross population not enough; need to understand composition
Ex: School district for a particular school building

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21
Q

Neighborhood

A

Relatively small area in which a number of people live & share similar needs in housing, social & other aspects of daily living.

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22
Q

Public Facilities

A

Places like schools, shops, fire stations, places of worship etc.
-location & availability can affect how site is developed

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23
Q

Proxemics

A

Deals with issues of spacing between people, territoriality, organization of space & placing people within space.

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24
Q

Behavior Setting

A

Place with defined boundaries in which standard pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time
Ex: weekly meeting in a conference room

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25
Q

Territoriality

A

Need to lay claim to spaces we occupy & things we own

-applies to groups & individuals

26
Q

Name the 4 types of roads

A
  1. Local
  2. Collector
  3. Arterial
  4. Expressways
27
Q

Local Street

A

Low capacity, provides direct access to site

  • can be continuous grid or curvilinear in form or cul-de-sacs / loops
  • parking often available
  • connects to pedestrian circulation system
28
Q

Connector Street

A

Connects local streets with larger arterial streets.

  • higher capacity but not intended for thru traffic
  • intersections controlled by stop signs
29
Q

Arterial Street

A

Major, continuous circulation route that carries large amounts of traffic on two or three lanes.

  • connect collector streets to expressways
  • intersections controlled by stop lights
  • parking not allowed
  • direct access to site should be avoided
30
Q

Expressway

A

Limited access roads designed to move large amounts of traffic between, through, and around population centers.

  • intersections = various types of ramps
  • no pedestrian access
  • major influence on land (noise & size)
31
Q

Tangent

A

Straight section of road

32
Q

Service Access

A

Can include provisions for truck unloading, moving vans, deliveries.

  • ideally separate from vehicular & pedestrian access
  • loading berths b/t 10-12’ long, 40’ deep, 14’ tall
  • min. turning radius of 60’
33
Q

Easement

A

Privately owned land that utility companies have access to

34
Q

When developing a site, what new service location is most important?

A

Sanitary / sewer because it relies on flow of gravity & depends on natural slope of site

35
Q

Macroclimate

A

Overall climate of a region.

-Region can be classified as cool, temperate, hot-arid or hot-humid

36
Q

Microclimate

A

Site specific modification of macroclimate by features such as land slope, trees / vegetation, bodies of water,and buildings.

37
Q

How can trees planted in a group 50-150 deep modify wind patterns?

A

Reduce wind velocity from 30-60% depending on density of trees at a density 10x the tree height.

38
Q

Where is wind speed the highest on a hill?

A

On the top of the hill (can be 20% higher than at the bottom)

39
Q

Inversion

A

Weather pattern in which colder air near the ground is held in place by the warmer air above it, trapping dust & pollution

40
Q

Albedo

A

Fraction of radiant energy reflected from a surface.

  • also called solar reflectance
  • higher reflectivity = higher albedo
  • measured on scale from 0-1.0
41
Q

What types of materials have lower albedos?

A

Natural materials such as vegetation, grass

42
Q

What materials have higher albedos?

A

Snow & pavement

43
Q

Reflectivity

A

In LEED rating system its used to measure solar heat rejection of non-roofing materials such as vegetation, shading devices & other less reflective components.

44
Q

Emissivity

A

Ability of surface to emit stored energy

-Thermal emittance is similar measure of solar radiation

45
Q

Solar Reflectance Index (SRI)

A

Measure of a roof’s ability to reject solar heat.

  • standard black surface has SRI of zero
  • standard white surface has SRI of 100
46
Q

Heat Island Effect

A

Unnatural buildup of heat around buildings

47
Q

How do you mitigate heat island effect?

A

Use materials with the highest SRI & SR (these will be the coolest materials)
-Can also plant trees & specify open-grid paving

48
Q

Is it better to use high albedo materials or vegetation to reduce heat island effect?

A

When practical, vegetation is preferred because it retains less heat, more comfortable underfoot, & reduces storm water runoff

49
Q

What are some high albedo materials?

A

Light colored concrete

50
Q

What are maximum grade ranges for most streets?

A

3%-10%

51
Q

What directional axis is best for locating a building so that it takes advantage of solar heat & light?

A

East-West

52
Q

What benefits do trees, shrubs & groundcover provide to a site?

A
  1. Mitigate winds
  2. Absorb runoff
  3. Lower albedo
  4. Absorb noise
  5. Humidify air
  6. Provide shading, reduce heat island effect
53
Q

What plants are best to mitigate winds, block views, or provide privacy?

A

Evergreen trees

54
Q

When evaluating a site, what is one of the most valuable assets?

A

Presence of natural water

55
Q

What is first consideration when evaluating a site if water exists on site?

A

Limit potential for run-off from building & site improvements such as parking lots

56
Q

What are concerns when evaluating development of site in rural or semi-rural areas?

A

Potential impact on natural landforms, water runoff, wildlife, & existing vegetation.

  • dev. Should disturb natural contours of site as little as possible
  • existing drainage patterns must be left in tact
  • additional runoff should not exceed capacity of existing drainage facilities
57
Q

What are concerns when evaluating development site in an urban area?

A
  1. Minimize noise
  2. Minimize pollution
  3. Avoid creating undesirable wind conditions
  4. Minimize blocking sunlight
    Understand impact on utilities & transp. systems
58
Q

Wetland

A

Area whose soil is saturated by surface or ground water frequently enough that it can support plants that can live in saturated soil.
-Protected by Federal govt

59
Q

What are sustainability issues to consider when analyzing a site?

A
  1. Portions of site not suitable for development
    - wetlands, areas w/in 100 ft of wetlands etc.
  2. Historical / Cultural qualities of surrounding area
  3. Future developments that may surround site
  4. Existing air quality
  5. Have soil / groundwater tested for contamination
  6. Determine presence of endangered species
60
Q

Infiltration basin

A

Closed depression in the earth from which water can escape only into the soil

61
Q

Catch basin

A

An area that temporarily contains excess runoff until it can flow at a controlled rate into the storm sewer system

ARE 5.0 - P&A (5 decks)

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