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Electrocardiography > Sinus Arrythmia > Flashcards

Sinus Arrythmia Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bradyarrhythmia?

A

A bradyarrhythmia is an abnormally slow heart rate, typically below 60 beats per minute.

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2
Q

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

A

The primary pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial (SA) node.

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3
Q

What happens when the sinoatrial (SA) node fails?

A

If the SA node fails, backup pacemakers, such as the atrioventricular (AV) node or the ventricles, take over.

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4
Q

At what rate does the AV node function as a pacemaker?

A

The AV node functions at a rate of 40-60 beats per minute.

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5
Q

What is the ventricular pacemaker rate when the AV node fails?

A

The ventricles act as the pacemaker with a rate of 20-40 beats per minute.

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6
Q

What is a junctional rhythm?

A

A junctional rhythm arises when the AV node takes over pacemaking, producing a heart rate of 40-60 beats per minute.

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7
Q

How does a junctional rhythm appear on ECG?

A

In junctional rhythm, P waves may be absent, inverted, or occur after the QRS complex, and the QRS complex is typically narrow.

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8
Q

What are the common causes of junctional rhythm?

A

Causes include SA node dysfunction, drug toxicity (e.g., digoxin), or myocardial ischemia.

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9
Q

What is a ventricular rhythm (idioventricular rhythm)?

A

A ventricular rhythm occurs when the ventricles take over as the pacemaker, typically with a rate of 20-40 beats per minute.

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10
Q

How does idioventricular rhythm appear on ECG?

A

Idioventricular rhythm presents with wide QRS complexes and no preceding P waves.

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11
Q

What conditions can cause idioventricular rhythm?

A

Idioventricular rhythm can occur in cases of complete heart block, severe bradycardia, or during reperfusion therapy after a heart attack.

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12
Q

What is a tachyarrhythmia?

A

A tachyarrhythmia is an abnormally fast heart rate, typically above 100 beats per minute.

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13
Q

What are ectopic beats?

A

Ectopic beats are premature beats that originate outside of the SA node.

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14
Q

How do atrial ectopic beats appear on ECG?

A

Atrial ectopic beats have abnormal P waves, occurring earlier than expected.

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15
Q

What are common causes of ectopic beats?

A

Causes include stress, caffeine, electrolyte imbalances, or heart disease.

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16
Q

What is atrial tachycardia?

A

Atrial tachycardia is a type of supraventricular tachycardia where the atria beat abnormally fast (150-250 bpm).

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17
Q

What does atrial tachycardia look like on ECG?

A

Atrial tachycardia shows a regular, fast rhythm with abnormal P waves and normal QRS complexes.

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18
Q

What are common triggers of atrial tachycardia?

A

Common triggers include structural heart disease, excessive caffeine, or medications.

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19
Q

What is multifocal atrial tachycardia?

A

MAT is an irregular form of atrial tachycardia where multiple atrial foci generate impulses, leading to varying P wave morphologies.

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20
Q

How does multifocal atrial tachycardia appear on ECG?

A

MAT shows at least three different P wave morphologies and an irregular rhythm with varying PR intervals.

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21
Q

What conditions are associated with multifocal atrial tachycardia?

A

MAT is often associated with chronic lung disease, electrolyte imbalances, and heart failure.

22
Q

What is atrial flutter?

A

Atrial flutter is a rapid, regular atrial rhythm usually between 250-350 bpm, often due to a reentrant circuit.

23
Q

How does atrial flutter appear on ECG?

A

Atrial flutter shows a “sawtooth” pattern of flutter waves, most prominent in leads II, III, and aVF.

24
Q

What is the usual ventricular response in atrial flutter?

A

The ventricular rate is typically regular and can be 2:1, 3:1, or 4:1 atrioventricular conduction.

25
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Atrial fibrillation is an irregular, rapid atrial rhythm with atrial rates often exceeding 350 bpm, causing ineffective atrial contraction.

26
Q

How does atrial fibrillation appear on ECG?

A

Atrial fibrillation shows irregularly irregular QRS complexes with no distinct P waves.

27
Q

What are the risk factors for atrial fibrillation?

A

Risk factors include hypertension, heart failure, valvular disease, and hyperthyroidism.

28
Q

What is AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)?

A

AVNRT is a type of supraventricular tachycardia caused by a reentry circuit within the AV node.

29
Q

How does AVNRT appear on ECG?

A

AVNRT shows a regular, fast rhythm with absent or retrograde P waves and narrow QRS complexes.

30
Q

What are common triggers of AVNRT?

A

Triggers include stress, caffeine, and alcohol.

31
Q

What is AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT)?

A

AVRT is a type of supraventricular tachycardia caused by an accessory pathway between the atria and ventricles, such as in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

32
Q

How does AVRT appear on ECG?

A

AVRT shows a regular tachycardia with narrow QRS complexes and often a retrograde P wave.

33
Q

What is Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?

A

WPW syndrome is a type of AVRT caused by an accessory pathway, presenting with a short PR interval and delta wave.

34
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia (VT)?

A

VT is a rapid rhythm originating from the ventricles, usually with a rate of 100-250 bpm.

35
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia (VT)?

A

VT is a rapid rhythm originating from the ventricles, usually with a rate of 100-250 bpm.

36
Q

How does VT appear on ECG?

A

VT shows wide, regular QRS complexes with no associated P waves.

37
Q

What are the common causes of ventricular tachycardia?

A

Causes include ischemic heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, structural heart disease, and prolonged QT syndrome.

38
Q

What is polymorphic ventricular tachycardia?

A

Polymorphic VT is a type of ventricular tachycardia where the QRS complexes vary in shape and size.

39
Q

How does polymorphic VT appear on ECG?

A

Polymorphic VT shows varying QRS complex morphology, with a twisting of points, as seen in torsades de pointes.

40
Q

What conditions can lead to polymorphic VT?

A

Polymorphic VT can be caused by electrolyte imbalances, prolonged QT interval, and ischemia.

41
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation (VF)?

A

VF is a life-threatening arrhythmia where the ventricles quiver instead of contracting effectively, leading to cardiac arrest.

42
Q

How does ventricular fibrillation appear on ECG?

A

VF shows a chaotic, disorganized, and rapid waveform with no discernible QRS complexes.

43
Q

What are the common causes of ventricular fibrillation?

A

VF is commonly caused by myocardial infarction, electrolyte imbalances, and severe ischemic heart disease.

44
Q

What is the heart rate range typically seen with a ventricular escape rhythm?

A

Ventricular escape rhythms typically have rates between 20-40 bpm.

45
Q

How does bradyarrhythmia affect cardiac output?

A

Bradyarrhythmia can decrease cardiac output by reducing heart rate, leading to symptoms such as dizziness and syncope.

46
Q

What is the treatment for symptomatic bradyarrhythmia?

A

Treatment may include atropine, pacemaker insertion, or treating underlying causes such as electrolyte imbalances.

47
Q

What are premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?

A

PVCs are ectopic beats originating from the ventricles, presenting as wide QRS complexes.

48
Q

How does a premature atrial contraction (PAC) differ from a PVC on ECG?

A

PACs have abnormal P waves followed by normal QRS complexes, while PVCs show wide QRS complexes without preceding P waves.

49
Q

What is the typical heart rate range for atrial tachycardia?

A

The heart rate in atrial tachycardia typically ranges from 150 to 250 bpm.

50
Q

What is the primary treatment for atrial tachycardia?

A

Treatment may include rate control medications (beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers) or antiarrhythmic drugs.

51
Q

What are the common complications of atrial fibrillation?

A

Complications include an increased risk of stroke, heart failure, and thromboembolism.

Electrocardiography (5 decks)

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