Sindrome seno cavernoso (tromboflebite) Flashcards

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1
Q

Etiology
(può essere una manifestazione clinica localizzata della trombosi venosa cerebrale così come può essere una complicanza di una cellulite orbitaria)

A

◽Cavernous sinus thrombosis (e.g., due to sinusitis), LOGGIA PARASELLARE
◽Carotid-cavernous fistula
◽Cavernous sinus tumors
◽Carotid artery aneurysms
◽Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (idiopathic granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus, è una oftalmoplegia dolorosa ) (pseudotumor infiammatorio)

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2
Q

Clinica

ESOFTALMO BILATERALE

A

◽Swelling of the conjunctiva

◽Proptosis

◽Signs of CN palsy due to compression (CN III, IV, V-1, V-2, and VI pass through the cavernous sinus)
-Painful ophthalmoplegia: partial/complete paresis of
oculomotor nerve (third cranial nerve), trochlear nerve
(forth cranial nerve), and abducens nerve (sixth cranial
nerve)
-Absent corneal reflex: paresis of the ophthalmic
branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) (MANCA LA COMPONENTE AFFERENTE DEL CIRCUITO RIFLESSO)
-Loss of sensation to the upper face may occur due to
damage to trigeminal branches V1 and V2 (see cranial
nerve disorders).
-Horner syndrome (miosi da compressione
strutture post gangliari della catena del simpatico)

L’esoftalmo è bilaterale e improvviso, febbre, malessere generalizzato

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3
Q

✔Fistola aorto-cavernosa

A

Fistola con aumento pressorio del seno cavernoso, e furto di sangue dall’arteria oftalmica. La causa più frequente è quella traumatica, seguita da ateromatosi. Le fistole dirette sono ad alto flusso e clinica evidente mentre quelle a basso flusso hanno un quadro clinico sfumato.

Esoftalmo rapido MONOLATERALE, pulsatile (il cuore encefalico), vasi episclerali congesti, dolore, diplopia, deficit visivo e percezione di rumore, edema del disco ottico

Arteriovenous fistula formation → high-pressure inflow of arterial blood into venous system → venous congestion
→ Compression of cavernous sinus structures
Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI
1st and 2nd branch of the trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic and maxillary nerves)
→ Impaired venous drainage

  • Headache
  • Orbital pain
  • Diplopia, blurred vision
  • Pulsatile tinnitus (fistula bruit)
  • Signs of congestion
  • Unilateral or bilateral, pulsatile exophthalmos
  • Chemosis
  • Massive conjunctival congestion and hemorrhage, with potential bleeding in the retina and vitreous humor
  • Increase in intraocular pressure
  • Optic disc swelling

-Emorragia orbitaria :Esoftalmo istantaneo, MONOLATERALE

💥If not treated swiftly, carotid-cavernous fistulas may result in cerebral hemorrhage/infarction, intracranial hypertension, vision loss, or death!

Diagnosi

-Ultrasound with transcranial Doppler: shows increased blood flow
👓Cerebral angiography : gold standard for diagnosis (and treatment!!), visualization of feeding vessels and blood flow

Trattamento

1.Embolization using balloons or coils
-Direct fistulas: transarterial approach
-Indirect fistulas: transvenous approach
2.Neurosurgery
-Indicated if endovascular interventions fail or are not
possible
-Occlusion of the fistula via suturing or packing

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4
Q

Anatomia e delucidazioni

A

In realtà il seno cavernoso è la loggia parasellare, in cui troviamo non solo sangue venoso ma anche il tratto C3 (sifone) della arteria carotide interna, il III, il IV e i rami V1 e V2 del trigemino

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