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Human Factors Final Exam > Simulators and Test Tracks > Flashcards

Simulators and Test Tracks Flashcards

1
Q

How many variables of interest are in experiments at minimum?

A

2

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2
Q

What do researchers want to discover from conducting experiments?

A

How ___ affects the outcome:

  • predictor variable
  • varying levels of the predictor variable
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3
Q

What is the predictor?

A

The independent variable

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4
Q

What is the outcome?

A

The dependent variable

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5
Q

What is an example of a predictor in a driver reaction time study?

A

Level of uncertainty to lead vehicle brake lights:

  • hill
  • curve
  • straight, flat road
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6
Q

What is an example of an outcome in a driver reaction time study?

A

driver reaction time

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7
Q

What are control variables?

A

Factors that could affect the dependent measure, but for various reasons their level is held constant

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8
Q

What are some examples of control variables?

A
  • testing only male drivers
  • testing during dry, daylight conditions only
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9
Q

What is an intervening variable?

A

Variable that intervenes between the independent and dependent variable

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10
Q

What is an example of an intervening variable?

A

In a brake reaction time study, driver expectancy intervenes between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

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11
Q

Describe confounding variables.

A
  • Not manipulated or controlled in the study
  • Less of a factor in the experimental studies but can still play a role
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12
Q

What are some examples of confounding variables?

A
  • weather
  • time of day
  • trip length
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13
Q

Describe moderating variables.

A

These variables attenuate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable by exerting influence or moderating behavior

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14
Q

What are some examples of moderating variables?

A
  • sleep hygiene
  • personality characteristics
  • vehicle make/model
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15
Q

How are control variables, intervening variables, confounding variables, and moderating variables related to independent and dependent variables?

A
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16
Q

What is the strength of controlled experiments?

A

Causation

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17
Q

What are some pros of controlled experiments?

A
  • can determine causation
  • easy to study the effect of predictor(s) on driving outcomes while controlling for several confounding variables
    • Can clearly determine whether certain predictors cause specific driver behavior outcomes
    • Can determine if specific technology (e.g. infotainment systems) affects driving behavior
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18
Q

How do infotainment systems affect driving behavior?

A
  • eyes-off-road time
  • red light reaction times
  • lead vehicle brake light reaction times
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19
Q

What is one limitation of controlled experiements?

A
  • Unsure whether they will translate into real world
    • the driving environment is already constrained in many ways
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20
Q

Describe fixed-base driving simulators.

A
  • Driver and vehicle are stationary
  • Scene moves on the display in front of driver
  • Driver provides steering, accelerator, and braking input using controls and this will impact visual scene
  • Scene can be 360 degrees or 30 degrees in front of participant
  • Some controls are keyboard/joystick or steering wheel/foot pedals
  • Visual scene can range from cartoonish to fairly realistic
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21
Q

What are pros of fixed-base driving simulators?

A
  • Simulators are excellent for testing driver response to a specific situation
    • especially a dangerous situation
  • Simulators are also excellent part-task trainers
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22
Q

What is a famous example of a Motion-Based Simulator?

A

the National Advanced Driving Simulator located at the University of Iowa

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23
Q

Describe motion-based driving simulators.

A

Visual scene moves but there are additional cues of actual motion.

This includes:

  • pitch
  • proprioceptive stimulation when we drive around a curve
  • vibrations of the roadway
24
Q

Describe the National Advanced Driving Similator.

A
  • Movable 24’ diameter dome
  • Full size vehicle test buck
  • 360 degree visual scene
  • 15 computer synchronized projectors
  • Various roadways, traffic conditions, weather, and lighting
25
Q

What makes the National Advanced Driving Simulator unique?

A

It is the world’s highest fidelity simulator (meaning a high degree of exactness in reproduction)

26
Q

What can the National Advanced Driving Simulator measure?

A
  • Driver behavior
  • Eye movements
  • Speed
  • Lane-keeping
27
Q

What are some cons of the National Advanced Driving Simulator?

A

Very expensive:

  • to purchase equipment
  • to maintain and keep running
28
Q

How can a driver’s sense of speed in driving simulators be assessed?

A

By obscuring the speedometer and:

  • Asking drivers to accelerate to certain speed and hold that speed.
    • Actual speed would be recorded.
  • Asking drivers to accelerate until experimenter told them to hold the speed. Once holding speed steady, experimenter would ask driver how fast the vehicle was traveling.
29
Q

How does simulated speed compare to real speed in driving simulators?

A

Simulated speed appears lower than real speed by 10-20 km/hr

30
Q

Are estimated on-road speed and in-simulator speed related?

A

Shinar & Ronen (2007) found a strong linear relationship

31
Q

Can driving simulators yield valid results?

A

Yes, generally

32
Q

Describe brake-steering reaction time studies.

A
  • Participants encountered an unexpected vehicle that entered their path as they approached an intersection
  • Advanced, motion-based simulator
33
Q

How did in-simulator average steering reaction times compare to on-road?

A

Average steering reaction times:

  • in-simulator: 1.64 seconds
  • on-road: 1.67 seconds
34
Q

How did in-simulator average braking reaction times compare to on-road?

A

Average brake reaction times:

  • in-simulator: 2.2 seconds
  • on-road: 2.3 seconds
35
Q

Which four different driving simulators across the U.S. did Lee et al. (2013) compare?

A
  • National Advanced Driving Simulator
  • Fixed-based simulator with 3 degrees of movement and a 240-degree field of view
  • Fixed-base simulator without any movement an similar FOV
  • Mini-NADS that is fixed based with three small front screens for 132 degrees field of view
36
Q

Describe the Lee et al. (2013) four simulator study.

A

Different participants drove in the same roadway conditions in each simulator and experienced similar traffic conditions and scenarios.

37
Q

Describe the results of the Lee et al. (2013) four simulator study.

A
  • Good relative fidelity for speed
  • Similar perceptions of “overall feel and similarity to driving”
  • Similar levels of simulator sickness for all four driving simulators (~10% of population)
38
Q

What is the primary objective of simulator studies?

A

To predict the on-road performance from simulator data

39
Q

What indicates that simulator data is a good measure for predicting on-road performance?

A

we continue to see mathematical, linear relationships between driving performance in-simulator and on-road

40
Q

What are some pros of simulators?

A
  • Less expensive to build “new roads” in simulators
  • Different roadway geometries can be tested in simulators
  • Crash scenarios can also be safely tested in driving simulators
41
Q

What did Jamson, Lai, and Jamson (2010) test in driving simulators?

A

20 different speed abatement techniques

42
Q

What are some examples of abatement techniques Jamson, Lai, and Jamson (2010) evaluated in driving simulators?

A
  • peripheral hatchings of lane markers
  • rumble strips
  • vehicle-activated electronic speed signs
  • speed limit signs
43
Q

What are some limitations of driving simulators?

A
  • Participants know that they can not get into a crash
  • Simulator sickness (must be accounted for and controlled)
  • Contrived situations (are not necessarily representative of what a driver would do in real-world environments)
    • E.g. may not choose to text and drive when experimenter instructs them
44
Q

Describe on-road experimental studies.

A
  • Some manipulation of the situation is occurring
  • Differences in driving performance are measured
45
Q

What are three examples of on-road studies?

A
  • Test track
  • Public Roadways
    • with in-vehicle experimenter providing instructions
    • without in-vehicle experimenter
46
Q

What are the conditions on public roadways?

A
  • Set route
  • Typically set times of day (to match traffic conditions)
  • Typically clear, dry conditions
47
Q

What is the objective on on-road studies?

A

Test new in-vehicle technologies to assess how drivers will interact with, use, and/or respond in a real-world driving environment

48
Q

What are some techniques to systematically test in the real world (on-road studies)?

A
  • GPS geofences
  • Testing at similar times of day/day of week
  • Cameras/sensors on vehicle
49
Q

What is the purpose of geo-fences in on-road studies?

A

to present alerts to drivers at precise locations regardless of speed

50
Q

What is the purpose of testing at similar times of day/day of week?

A

to keep traffic patterns similar

51
Q

What is the purpose of instrumenting vehicles with cameras/sensors for on-road studies?

A

to detect other traffic so as to alert in similar traffic situations

52
Q

What are some examples of variables that can be evaluated with on-road studies?

A
  • infotainment systems
  • communication devices
  • roadway signs
  • roadway furniture
  • roadway geometries
53
Q

Describe the pros of Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality.

A
  • Can provide an interesting hybrid of driving-simulator and real-world environment in a controlled environment
    • e.g. AR in a vehicle on a test track
  • Present a wide variety of different traffic environments and scenarios as well as driver displays
  • Can test driving performance with AR displays on a test track to assess driving performance prior to testing on public roadways
54
Q

What are some limitations of Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality?

A
  • Vehicle environments are difficult and complex.
  • Much testing will need to be conducted to ensure safety.
55
Q

What are some pros of on-road studies?

A
  • Middle ground between complete experimental control and drivers who are navigating the world with their own pressures/goals.
  • Some level of experimental controls to assess driving performance on actual roadways
  • Participants are on real-roadways with real consequences so driving performance does not need to be further validated
  • Important step prior to a field operational test to ensure that FOT participants will remain safe
  • No simulator sickness
56
Q

What are some limitations of on-road studies?

A
  • Scenarios are contrived
  • Participants are not under their personal normal, daily pressures
    • e.g. May still not choose to text and drive when experimenter instructs them
  • Because there are real consequences, there is also the danger of participants/experimenters getting hurt and/or injured
  • IRB is important for these studies
  • Conflict-like scenarios must be carefully choreographed to be as realistic to participant with no real danger present.
  • Cannot actually have crash scenario but can be very realistic

Human Factors Final Exam (5 decks)

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