Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Factors Final Exam > Research Methods Overview > Flashcards

Research Methods Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the induction method.

A

Reasoning proceeds from data and leads to theory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the deduction method.

A

Theory is used to predict the data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Good theories must be ____ , _____ and _____.

A

Testable, precise and parsimonious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What characterizes a theory?

A

Scientists must be able to test and falsify a theory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two scientific methods?

A

Inductive and deductive reasoning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do scientists test theories?

A

Experiments and associations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What kinds of conclusions do experiments enable?

A

Causation: X affects Y.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What kinds of conclusions do association studies enable?

A

Correlation. X is associated with Y.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 6 types of validity?

A
  1. Construct validity
  2. Convergent validity
  3. Divergent validity
  4. Internal validity
  5. External validity
  6. Statistical conclusion validity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define construct validity.

A

The degree to which a measurement gives a good indication of the construct a researcher is trying to measure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define convergent validity.

A

The extent to which two measurements that are supposed to measure the same construct are correlated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define divergent validity.

A

The extent to which two measurements that are supposed to be unrelated are actually uncorrelated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define internal validity.

A

The degree to which a research design leads to conclusions in which a researcher has confidence (associated with random assignment of participants in an experiment).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define external validity.

A

The degree to which a researcher can generalize the results of a study to a larger population (associated with random selection of participants from a population).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define statistical conclusion validity.

A

The degree to which statistical analyses lead to good conclusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of research method in the human factors toolbox has the highest experimental control?

A

Laboratory experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which research method in the human factors toolbox has the highest experimental control?

A

police accident reports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rank the 10 research methods in the human factors tool box from highest degree of experimental control to lowest degree of experimental control (i.e. association/correlation).

A
  1. Laboratory Experiments
  2. Driving Simulatory Studies
  3. Computer Simulations
  4. Test Track Studies
  5. On-Road Vehicle Studies
  6. Naturalistic Driving Studies
  7. Field Operational Studies
  8. Roadway/Driver Observational Studies
  9. Self-Report Survey
  10. Police Accident Reports
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which research method in the human factors toolbox has the highest Internal Validity as opposed to External Validity?

A

Laboratory experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which research method in the human factors toolbox has the highest External Validity as opposed to Internal Validity?

A

Police Accident Reports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rank the research method in the human factors toolbox from the highest Internal Validity (Lowest External Validity) to lowest Internal Validity (highest External Validity).

A
  1. Laboratory Experiments
  2. Driving Simulatory Studies
  3. Computer Simulations
  4. Test Track Studies
  5. On-Road Vehicle Studies
  6. Naturalistic Driving Studies
  7. Field Operational Studies
  8. Roadway/Driver Observational Studies
  9. Self-Report Survey
  10. Police Accident Reports
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which research method in the human factors toolbox is most resource intensive?

A

Field operational tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which research method in the human factors toolbox is least resource intensive?

A

Police accident reports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Rank the research method in the human factors toolbox from least resource intensive to most resource intensive.

A
  1. Police accident reports
  2. Roadway/driver observational studies
  3. Computer simulations
  4. Self-Report Survey
  5. Laboratory Experiments
  6. On-Road Vehicle Studies
  7. Driving Simulator Studies
  8. Test Track Studies
  9. Naturalistic Driving Studies
  10. Field operational tests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some examples of self-report survey instruments?

A
  • Surveys
  • Questionnaires
  • Interviews
  • Focus Groups
  • Driving Diaries
  • Ecological Momentary Assessments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some limitations of self-report survey instruments?

A
  • participants are aware of being studied
  • It is assumed that responses reflect the participant’s reality.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the pros of self-report instruments?

A
  • Less expensive form of data collection
  • Provide more detailed information than observations
  • Can reach a large number of people
    • Population is more representative
    • Representativeness can be assessed statistically
  • Reliability of items on survey can be assessed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are two well-known and established survey instruments?

A

Driver behavior questionnaire and driver skill inventory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does driver behavior refer to and what are some examples?

A

Driving style (e.g. preferred speed, following distance, rule obedience).

30
Q

Are drivers generally aware of their driving performance?

A

Yes

31
Q

Do drivers typically report their driving performance?

A

Yes

32
Q

Are drivers generally aware of their driving skill?

A

No. Drivers typically overestimate their driving skill.

33
Q

What is the driving behavioral questionnaire (DBQ) based upon?

A

Distinctions between deliberate violations, dangerous errors, and silly errors.

34
Q

How can crash history be collected? What types of error are involved in these data collection methods?

A

Self report and traffic records. Both have systematic and/or random error.

35
Q

What is are two benefits of self-report?

A
  • Minor crashes will be reported
  • Usually more detailed than traffic records
36
Q

What is a limitation of self-reports compared to traffic records?

A

Under-reporting

37
Q

How can you maximize the acuracy of self-reported crash responses?

A

Ask about history of crashes within the last 3 to 5 years instead of within one’s lifetime.

38
Q

What types of crash events are likely to be remembered?

A

Severe crashes and crashes resulting in injury. Minor crashes may be forgotten.

39
Q

What kinds of crashes are not included in traffic records?

A

Minor crashes

40
Q

What population demographic is overrepresented in crash records and why?

A

Older drivers. They have a greater tendency to get injured.

41
Q

What are two limitations of traffic records?

A
  • They are notoriously slow to be updated, so recent crashes and violations don’t show up
  • Data are protected and can be difficult to obtain
42
Q

What types of events are especially frequent?

A

Near-crashes. More so than actual crashes.

43
Q

What is a limiation of near-crashes?

A

They are easily forgotten.

44
Q

What is a strategy for maximizing the accuracy of near-crash reporting?

A
  • Increased frequency of data collection
  • Shorter time durations (past week instead of past month)
45
Q

What technique/method can be helpful in capturing near-crashes?

A

Driving diaries

46
Q

What metric is extremely important for driving safety studies?

A

Mileage or driving exposure

47
Q

What are two limitations of mileage or driving exposure metrics in driving safety studies?

A
  • They are extremely difficult to obtain
  • Accuracy is questionable
48
Q

How is mileage typically measured?

A

Self report:

  • Via driving diaries
  • Of mileage over a specific time period (e.g. past week)
49
Q

What is a more objective method of ascertaining driving safety than mileage or driving exposure?

A

In-vehicle monitoring

50
Q

What are some limitations/complications of in-vehicle monitoring?

A
  • It is not large-scale deployable
  • It comes with issues such as driver identification
51
Q

What does the National Household Travel survey estimate?

A

Population level driving exposure

52
Q

How does the National Household Travel survey estimate population level driving exposure?

A
  • National representative sample
  • Participants report mileage over the past 3 days
53
Q

How can internal reliability be assessed?

A

By asking questions in the instrument to obtain the same information and assessing the correlations for those questions.

54
Q

How can researchers determine the reliability of participant responses to the survey instrument?

A

Test-Re-test assessments

55
Q

What does content validity mean in the context of the survey instrument?

A

The survey covers all topics related to a specific domain without introducing other topics.

56
Q

What is construct validity in the context of survey instruments?

A

Test results compare favorably to other surveys measuring the same behaviors.

57
Q

What organization has conducted the traffic safety culture index for the past 10 years?

A

The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety

58
Q

What are two things the recent Traffic Safety Culture Index includes?

A
  • Findings related to the drop in total vehicle-miles traveled (VMT)
  • Increase in fatalities that were observed during the COVID-19 pandemic
59
Q

What population is the Traffic Safety Culture Index representative of?

A

U.S. national population (Ages 19+). Uses large-scale sampling strategies.

60
Q

What are five things that the Traffic Safety Culture Index covers?

A
  • Perceived magnitude and visibility of the safety problem
  • General support of safety laws
  • General acceptability of certain traffic behaviors
  • Beliefs of threats to personal safety
  • Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
61
Q

What are three focus areas of the Traffic Safety Culture Index?

A
  • Distracted driving (e.g. cellphone use, texting, emailing)
  • Risky and aggressive driving (e.g. speeding and running red lights)
  • Driving while impaired (e.g. drowsiness, alcohol, drugs)
62
Q

What were participant views on talking/texting on a cell phone while driving in the Traffic Safety Culture Index?

A

Talking/texing while driving is a serious safety concern

63
Q

What percentage of respondents in the Traffic Safety Culture Index engaged in talking/texting on a cell phone while driving in the past 30 days?

A

Slightly less than half.

64
Q

What percentage of respondents in the Traffic Safety Culture Index engaged in driving 15 MPH above the speed limit on interstates and residential streets in the past 30 days?

A

Half

65
Q

Was speeding 15 miles per hour considered more dangerous on interstates or residential streets by Traffic Safety Culture Index respondents?

A

Residential streets

66
Q

What percentage of respondents in the Traffic Safety Culture Index reported running a red light in the past 30 days?

A

25%

67
Q

What percentage of respondents in the Traffic Safety Culture Index find running red lights unacceptable?

A

90%

68
Q

What percentage of respondents in the Traffic Safety Culture Index find drinking and driving to be unacceptable?

A

94%

69
Q

What percentage of respondents in the Traffic Safety Culture Index admit to drinving under the influence at least once in the past year?

A

6%

70
Q

What are some benefits of the Traffic Safety Culture Index?

A
  • It is a well-constructed instrument
  • It is broadly cited in literature
  • It provides a snapshot of US driver’s attitudes and behavior prevalences

Human Factors Final Exam (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions