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Human Factors Final Exam > Naturalistic Driving Studies > Flashcards

Naturalistic Driving Studies Flashcards

1
Q

What is the motivation behind Heinrich’s Triangle?

A

Crash injuries are very infrequent compared to non-injury crashes and near-misses

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2
Q

What is the hazard analysis technique developed by Heinrich, Petersen, & Roos (1980) based upon?

A

The underlying premise that for every injury accident, there are similar accidents for which no injury occurs.

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3
Q

What does Heinrich’s theory suggest?

A

that the same contributing factors occur for both injury and non-injury traffic events

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4
Q

If the same contributing factors occur for both injury/non-injury accidents, like Heinrich’s theory suggests, how can we reduce the number of crash injuries and fatalities?

A

By reducing the number of non-injury traffic events

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5
Q

How many minor crashes and near-misses are there for every serious crash according to Heinrich’s Triangle?

A

30 minor crashes

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6
Q

What is a traffic conflict?

A

An event involving two or more road users, in which the action of one user causes the other user to make an evasive maneuver to avoid a collision.

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7
Q

Describe the Traffic Conflict Technique.

A
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8
Q

What company used Heinrich’s Triangle to develop the Traffic Conflict technique of instrumenting intersections?

A

GM

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9
Q

What did Wierwille (2002) employ the Traffic Conflict Technique to evaluate?

A

Driver errors

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10
Q

At what kinds of intersections did Wierwille (2002) employ the Traffic Conflict Technique to investigate driver error?

A

rural, suburban, and urban intersections that had a high percentage of collisions

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11
Q

How has the Traffic Conflict Technique been developed for instrumented vehicles?

A

By videotaping the behavior of the driver in relation to the surrounding traffic

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12
Q

What is considered the birth of naturalistic driving studies?

A

Application of the Traffic Conflict Technique to videotape the behavior of drivers in relation to surrounding traffic via vehicle instrumentation.

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13
Q

What is a field operation test (FOT)?

A

Large-scale naturalistic driving studies for assessing the safety aspects of a particular in-vehicle safety system

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14
Q

Aside from field operation tests (FOTs), what can naturalistic driving studies be used for?

A

To better understand driver behaviors that result in crashes

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15
Q

What is of utmost importance in field operational tests and naturalistic driving studies?

A

driver behavior in real-world conditions

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16
Q

What is the advantage of evaluating driver behavior in real-world conditions (field operational tests and naturalistic driving studies)?

A

High external validity

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17
Q

What three real-world factors of field operational tests and naturalistic driving studies result in high external validity?

A
  • Normal routes
  • Normal daily pressures
  • Normal traffic conditions
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18
Q

What is a limitation of naturalistic driving studies and field operational tests?

A

No experimental control

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19
Q

How do naturalistic driving studies and field operational tests attempt to overcome the lack of experimental control?

A

By:

  • recruiting large numbers of participants
  • collecting data over long periods of time
    • collecting data over a variety of traffic patterns and environmental conditions
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20
Q

What is the primary strength of naturalistic driving studies?

A

Coupling of:

  • high quality/high-resolution performance data
  • Video data
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21
Q

What does driving performance data provide?

A

Precise description of driving performance in normal driving environments

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22
Q

What strategies are used to maintain the power of naturalistic driving data?

A
  • Minimize interaction with participants
  • Minimize instrumentation
  • Don’t require participants to do anything beyond driving normally
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23
Q

What are the six steps in the life cycle of naturalistic driving studies?

A
  • Study design
  • Data collection
  • Data preparation
  • Data storage
  • Data coding
  • Data analysis
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24
Q

What are important considerations in study design and data collection in naturalistic driving studies?

A
  • What research questions do you have?
  • What data must be collected to answer these research questions?
  • Research questions should guide what data elements will be collected in naturalistic driving study
  • Appropriate research questions will also lead to participant selection
  • Protection of participants personal identifying information
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25
Q

What are important considerations in data preparation and storage in naturalistic driving studies?

A
  • How to ensure high-quality data
  • How will data be stored to better prepare for data coding and analysis?
  • Storage on vehicle
  • Long-term storage
  • Continuous vs triggered data collection
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26
Q

What are important considerations in data coding in naturalistic driving studies?

A

What behaviors should be coded to answer research questions?

How to ensure high-quality data coding

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27
Q

What are important considerations in data analysis in naturalistic driving studies?

A

What data and what statistical analyses will best answer research questions?

28
Q

How do research questions influence data collection in naturalistic driving studies?

A

They should guide the selection of data elements to be collected

29
Q

What are three pros of naturalistic driving studies?

A
  • versatility
  • flexibility
  • easy to collect large volumes of data elements
30
Q

What are two important considerations in naturalistic driving studies?

A

project creep and cost overruns

31
Q

What is project creep?

A

changes, continuous or uncontrolled growth in a project’s scope, at any point after the project begins

32
Q

How do research questions impact recruitment?

A

Appropriate research questions guide participant selection

33
Q

What are three examples of participant attributes that appropriate research questions consider?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • geographic distribution
34
Q

How is participant PII protected in naturalistic driving studies?

A

Certificate of Confidentiality from the National Institutes of Health

35
Q

What is the next step after data elements are determined for the data acquisition system (DAS)?

A

The appropriate data storage device must be selected

36
Q

What are the pros of triggered data collection?

A
  • less storage-intensive
  • provides high resolution for specific events
37
Q

What is a limitation of triggered data collection?

A

Data is limited to the pre-specified events once data collection is complete

38
Q

What are some important considerations with continuous data collection in naturalistic driving studies?

A
  • It is not trivial
  • Must weigh storage vs resolution
    • video quality
39
Q

What is an important question to consider when weighing storage and resolution?

A

What resolution can I get away with to still answer research questions that will not overrun my budget with storage costs?

40
Q

What does data storage on a vehicle require?

A
  • security (encryption)
  • maintenance
  • removability
41
Q

What does long-term data storage require?

A

For both driving performance and video data:

  • processing speed
  • access
  • security
42
Q

Describe the process of data coding?

A

lengthy and iterative

43
Q

What are the 7 steps of data coding?

A
  1. Identification of events
  2. Development of coding protocols
  3. Training of coders on coding protocols
  4. Reviewing data
  5. Coding data
  6. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability testing
  7. Final internal quality check
44
Q

What is the purpose of inter-rater and intra-rater reliability testing?

A

to ensure quality coded data

45
Q

What are four considerations in data coding protocols?

A
  • Driver behavior in relation to:
    • safety-critical events
    • specific traffic scenarios (e.g.intersection behavior)
  • “Normal” driver behavior (control, baseline)
  • Manual eyeglance coding
46
Q

What are typical variables coded in safety-critical events?

A
  • Subject Number
  • Event Start
  • Subject Reaction Start
  • Impact or Proximity Time
  • Event End
  • Pre-incident Maneuver
  • Maneuver Judgment
  • Precipitating Event
  • Vehicle Configurations (GES codes)
  • Event Nature
  • Incident Type
  • Event Severity
  • Evasive Maneuvers and Vehicle Control
  • Airbag Deployment
  • Vehicle Rollover
  • Driver Behaviors
  • Driver Impairments
  • Passenger Presence
  • Secondary Task Types, Durations, Influence
  • Hands-on the Wheel
  • Driver Seatbelt Use
  • Vehicle Contributing Factors
47
Q

What are typical SCE and control segment coded variables?

A
  • Infrastructure
  • Visual Obstructions
  • Lighting
  • Weather
  • Surface Condition
  • Traffic Flow
  • Contiguous Travel Lanes (number)
  • Through Travel Lanes (number)
  • Lane Occupied
  • Traffic Density
  • Traffic Control
  • Relation to Junction
  • Intersection Influence
  • Alignment
  • Grade
  • Locality
  • Construction Zone
  • Other Motorists, Non-motorists, Objects, and Animals:
    • Quantity
    • Location
    • Type
    • Maneuvers
  • Final Narrative
48
Q

What are the four steps involved in coder training and quality control?

A
  1. Protocol development
  2. Data coder training
  3. Data coding
  4. Post-coding
49
Q

Describe protocol development.

A

An iterative process with researchers and data coding managers

50
Q

What are the two steps of coder training?

A
  • Train to a priori set level of accuracy (e.g. 95% accurate to expert coder)
  • Spot check 100% of work until this level has been achieved
51
Q

What are the components of data coding?

A
  • periodic spot checks
  • meetings to discuss conflicting coders
  • reliability testing
    • inter-rater
    • intra-rater
52
Q

What are the post-coding steps?

A
  • spot checking
  • data verification
  • final data review
53
Q

What are four considerations in naturalistic driving data analysis?

A
  • assessing crash risk
  • assessing prevalence
  • contributing factors of safety-critical events
  • advanced product testing
54
Q

What are three ways of estimating crash risk?

A
  • odds ratio
  • relative risk
  • logistic regression
55
Q

How is odds ratio calculated?

A
  • Simplified explanation
    • Odds = P(Event will occur) / P(Event will not occur)
    • Odds = P(crash with inattention occurs)/P(crash occurs without inattention
  • Actual calculation
    • Odd Ratio = AD/BC
    • Odds Ratio = (Event with Inattention Frequency)(No Event with Attention) / (No event with inattention)(Event with attention)
56
Q

When are odds ratios and relative risks used?

A

When calculating risk of rare events were an absolute risk cannot be quantified

57
Q

Describe logistic regression

A
  • Statistical model calculating Odds ratio
  • Can include random effects variables – repeated measures
  • More precise than crude odds ratio
58
Q

What are two advantages of logistic regression over odds ratios?

A
  • can include random effects variables (repeated measures)
  • more precise
59
Q

What two types of data are used to assess the frequency of a specific behavior?

A
  • continuous data
  • sampled data
60
Q

Does continuous data calculate or estimate prevalence?

A

Calculates prevalence

61
Q

Does sampled data calculate or estimate prevalence?

A

Estimates prevalence

62
Q

What are three ways to calculate rates for specific behavior?

A

Frequency of a specific behavior divided by:

  • hours traveled
  • miles traveled
  • number of observations
63
Q

What are some statistical tests for estimating prevalence?

A
  • chi-square
  • regression
  • logistic regression
64
Q

What are three ways of assessing prevalence?

A
  • Frequency of specific behavior
  • Rate of specific behavior
  • Statistical tests
65
Q

What are some considerations in advanced product testing?

A
  • In-vehicle technology can alter driver behavior in both positive (safe) or negative (unsafe) ways in field operational tests
  • Can evaluate prevalence and or risk of these behaviors when systems are active vs inactive (baseline) to determine if in-vehicle system can improve safety
66
Q

Why evaluate the prevalence of risk of safe and unsafe behaviors when systems are active vs inactive (baseline)?

A

To determine if in-vehicle systems can improve safety

Human Factors Final Exam (5 decks)

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