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Human Factors Final Exam > Crash Data Sets and Analysis Overview > Flashcards

Crash Data Sets and Analysis Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are three sources of traffic safety data?

A
  • Police crash data
  • Medical crash data
  • Safety survey data
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2
Q

What are some sources of data that supplement traffic safety data?

A
  • Roadway and traffic data
  • Population
  • Licence/registration data
  • Travel survey data
  • Sociodemographic/economic data
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3
Q

What is the typical property damage dollar-amount threshold that a crash must exceed before a police report is required?

A

$1k-$1.5k

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4
Q

What are two limitations of police crash data?

A
  • Not all crashes are documented in police crash reports
    • Police reports are only required for crashes with sufficient sustained damage.
  • Every police jurisdiction reports differently.
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5
Q

What organization has attempted to standardize poice crash reporting?

A

the Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC) Committee

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6
Q

What are the five general types of information in police crash reports?

A
  • Location information
  • Environmental Information
  • Vehicle Information
  • Driver Information
  • Injury Severity
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7
Q

What kind of location information is typically included in police accident reports?

A
  • Street names
  • Mile markers
  • GPS
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8
Q

What kind of environmental information is typically included in police accident reports?

A
  • Weather condition
  • Lighting condition
  • Surface condition
  • Crash type
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9
Q

What kind of vehicle information is typically included in police accident reports?

A
  • Assigned sequential unit number within the crash
  • Unit type
  • Vehicle type
  • Make/Model/Year
  • Vehicle Movement
  • Maneuver prior to crash
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10
Q

What kind of driver information is typically included in police accident reports?

A
  • Driver’s license information
  • Alcohol or other drug involvement
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11
Q

What are three injury categorization schemes typically used in police accident reports?

A
  • 2 categories: Fatal and non-fatal
  • 5 categories: KABCO
  • Abbreviated injury scale
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12
Q

Describe the KABCO injury classification scheme.

A

5 injury categories:

  • K = Fatal
  • A = Incapacitating injury
  • B = Capacitating injury
  • C = Possible, minory injury
  • O = No injury
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13
Q

What is the benefit of using the Abbreviated Injury Scale in police accident reporting.

A

Matches medical systems data better.

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14
Q

What is the Fatality Accident Reporting System (FARS)?

A

A census of traffic crashes that have resulted in the death of a person involved in a crash within 30 days of the crash

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15
Q

What geographies does the Fatality Accident Reporting System (FARS) include?

A
  • All 50 U.S. states
  • Washington D.C.
  • Puerto Rico
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16
Q

When did the Fatality Accident Reporting System (FARS) first become available?

A

1975

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17
Q

How many total data elements does the Fatality Accident Reporting System (FARS) include?

A

100 elements

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18
Q

What are the thee categories of data elements included in the Fatality Accident Reporting System (FARS)?

A
  • Accident/Crash
  • Vehicle
  • Person
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19
Q

What are some examples of accident/crash data elements in the Fatality Accident Reporting System (FARS)?

A
  • Environment
  • Time/Date
  • Collision Type
  • Weather
  • First Harmful Event
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20
Q

What are some examples of vehicle data elements in the Fatality Accident Reporting System (FARS)?

A
  • Vehicle type
  • Crash avoidance maneuver
  • Principle impact points
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21
Q

What are some examples of person data elements in the Fatality Accident Reporting System (FARS)?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Person type (driver, occupant, pedestrian)
  • Seating position
  • Injury severity
  • Restraint use
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22
Q

What is the Crash Reporting Sampling System (CRSS)?

A

A national sample of traffic crashes involving all levels of severity ranging from no injury to fatal injury

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23
Q

Crash data from how many police agencies are included in the Crash Reporting Sampling System (CRSS)?

A

400

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24
Q

Crash data from how many geographic sites in the U.S. are included in the Crash Reporting Sampling System (CRSS)?

A

60

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25
Q

Does the Crash Reporting Sampling System (CRSS) include the same data elements as FARS?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What is the Highway Safety Information System?

A

A multistate database merging crash, roadway, and traffic data only including states with high quality police crash report data (hsisinfo.org)

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27
Q

Which 9 states are included in the Highway Safety Information System?

A
  • Washington State
  • California
  • Minnesota
  • Illinois
  • Ohio
  • North Carolina
  • Maine
  • Michigan
  • Utah
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28
Q

Does each state included in the Highway Safety Information System provide the same set of police crash report data?

A

No

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29
Q

What police crash report data elements does Illinois include?

A
  • Accident
  • Road log
  • Bridge
  • Railroad grade crossing
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30
Q

What police crash report data elements does Minnesota include?

A
  • Accident
  • Road log
  • Reference post
  • Traffic
  • Intersection
  • Bridge
  • Railroad grade crossing
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31
Q

What is mecial crash data referred to as?

A

The Injury Surveillance System

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32
Q

What does medical crash injury data include?

A

Motor vehicle crash (MVC) data on:

  • any person injured
  • the subset of injuries
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33
Q

Who is Injury Surveillance System (ISS) data available to?

A
  • Health-related agencies
  • Some outside agencies
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34
Q

Which medical crash databases in the Injury Surveillance System (ISS) does NHTSA include?

A
  • Emergency medical service run report database
  • Trauma registry database
  • Hospital discharge database
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35
Q

What does the EMS run report database include?

A

Injured persons who received care and transport from EMS providers

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36
Q

What is a limitation of the EMS Run Report Database?

A

EMS run reports are not standardized

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37
Q

What are the National Emergency Medical Systems Information System (NEMSIS) defined standard elements (nemsis.org)?

A
  • Service information
  • Treatments
  • Charges
  • Dispatch time
  • Date
  • Geographic Location
  • Demographic information on EMS provide and personnel
  • Equipment
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38
Q

What does the Trauma Registry Database include?

A

Records of trauma patients receiving treatment typically at designated trauma centers.

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39
Q

How is the American College of Surgeions involved in the Trauma Registry Database?

A
  • certifies trauma centers
  • sets data element collection guidelines for trauma cases
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40
Q

How is the Trauma Registry Databases complied?

A

States certifying trauma centers combine registry data on all trauma cases

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41
Q

What does the Hospital Discharge Database include?

A

Records of:

  • inpatients and outpatients admitted to the hospital
  • reason for visit
  • treatment codes
  • charges
  • traffic crash codes
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42
Q

What is a major challege with medical crash data?

A

Due to privacy concerns, it is very difficult to obtain access to medical records even if all PII is removed.

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43
Q

What organization developed the Crash Outcomes Data Evaluation System (CODES) Database?

A

NHTSA

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44
Q

Why did NHTSA develop the Crash Outcomes Data Evaluation System (CODES) Database?

A

To link police crash reports and medical crash databases

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45
Q

What method does the Crash Outcomes Data Evaluation System (CODES) Database use for linking poolice crash reports and medical crash database records?

A

The probablistic matching method

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46
Q

What is the probablistic matching method used in Crash Outcomes Data Evaluation System (CODES) Database?

A

A measure of the statistical likelihood that two records pertain to the same incident/case.

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47
Q

How is the Crash Outcomes Data Evaluation System (CODES) Database useful?

A
  • Produces aggregate statistics
  • Analyzing the outcomes and costs of traffic crashes at state and national levels
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48
Q

How is Traffic Safety Survey Data collected?

A

Telephone surveys

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49
Q

Who collects Traffic Safety Survey Data?

A

NHTSA

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50
Q

What is the purpose of Traffic Safety Survey Data?

A

Understand:

  • Attitudes
  • Opinions
  • Self-Report Behaviors
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51
Q

What is the MVOSS?

A

Motor Vehicle Occupant Safety Survey (6000 respondents)

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52
Q

What is the DDAB?

A

National Survey of Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior (7000 respondents)

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53
Q

What kind of data is included in the National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS)?

A

Probability-based observation data on the use of restraints and electronic device use

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54
Q

When was the first National Occupant Protection Use Survey conducted (NOPUS)?

A

2000

55
Q

How many sites are represented in the National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS)?

A

1800

56
Q

Surveys of what are included in the National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS)?

A
  • Moving traffic
  • Controlled intersections
57
Q

Which organization’s website houses the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System?

A

the Center for Disease Control (CDC): cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html

58
Q

What is the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System?

A

An online database with data on:

  • fatal and nonfatal injury injury
  • Violent death
  • Cost of injury
59
Q

Does the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System inclue only MVC data?

A

No. It includes other elements such as suicide and homicide. But it is sortable by MVC.

60
Q

How is the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System organized?

A

By intentional vs unintentional injuries

61
Q

What is the leading cause of unintentional injury in the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System?

A

Motor vehicle crashes (MVC)

62
Q

What age group is particularly affected by MVCs according to the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System?

A

People < 24 yo

63
Q

What does roadway data refer to?

A

Physical raod data such as:

  • horizontal curve
  • functional classification
64
Q

What does traffic data refer to?

A

Traffic volume

65
Q

What organizations maintain roadway and traffic data?

A

State Transportation Departments (DOTs)

66
Q

What does the Roadway Inventory Database contain?

A

Physical and use characteristics of:

  • roadway segments
  • intersections
67
Q

What do commercially available versions of HERE or other mapping software pertain to?

A

the Roadway Inventory Database

68
Q

What are some examples of data elements that mapping softwares, such as HERE, get from the Roadway Inventory Database?

A
  • Number of lanes
  • Access control
  • Functional class
  • Speed limits
  • Junction type
69
Q

What does the Traffic Database contain?

A

Traffic volume characteristics such as annual average daily traffic (AADT)

70
Q

Describe the Highway Performance Monitoring System.

A

National highway system database with peformance and operating chaacteristics of roadways.

71
Q

What organizations use the Highway Performance Monitoring System?

A

State Transportation Departments (DOTs)

72
Q

What do state DOTs use the Highway Performance Monitoring System for?

A

To determine where resources will be placed

73
Q

What organizations collect and store License and Registration Data?

A

State DOTs

74
Q

What is a limitation of License and Registration Data?

A

Raw data are not typically accessible.

Instead aggreagate data can be made available or published in traffic safety publications.

75
Q

How often is data collected for the Nationwide Household Transportation Survey?

A

Every 5 to 7 years

76
Q

What data elements does the Nationwide Household Transportation Survey collect?

A
  • trip purpose
  • travel mode
  • travel time
  • time of day
77
Q

What can the Nationwide Household Transportation Survey be used for?

A

(In aggregate) to estimate hours traveled/mileage

78
Q

What does socieodemographic/economic data include?

A
  • Population statistics
  • Age distribution
  • Education level
  • Unemployment rates
79
Q

Where does sociodemographic/economic data come from?

A

Census data

80
Q

What organization collects sociodemographic/economic data?

A

The Department of Labor Statistics

81
Q

What is aggregate analysis?

A

Using numbers aggregated from information on individual records

82
Q

What are two examples of aggregate analyses?

A
  • Spatial (e.g. by geographic location)
  • Temporal (e.g. comparing data from different dacades)
83
Q

What is disaggregate analysis?

A

Using specific data elements on each individual record to assess association with crash outcome

84
Q

What are examples of elements used in disaggreagate analysis?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Alcohol impairment
  • Fatality rate
  • Secondary task engagement AND age AND crash rate
85
Q

What are the four basic tasks for analysis?

A
  • Selection
  • Aggregation
  • Integration
  • Normalization
86
Q

Describe selection.

A

A subset of data for analysis based upon the research question

87
Q

Describe aggregation.

A

Ways to further separate the sample in meaningful ways

88
Q

What type of variables does aggregation work best for?

A

Categorical variables such as:

  • age
  • geographic location
89
Q

How can aggregation be used to evaluate continous variables?

A

Split continous variable data into bins.

For speed data, have bins for different speed ranges.

90
Q

What are examples of when integration is useful?

A

When you want to include functional classification of roadways or speed limit zones

To do this, integrate roadway information databases.

91
Q

Describe normalization.

A

Determine a method to compare to other groups e.g. crash rate as calculated by:

  • Vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) or
  • Number of licensed drivers)
92
Q

What are three analysis types?

A
  • Frequency analysis
  • Rate analysis
  • Trend analysis
93
Q

What are some examples of frequency analysis?

A

Total number of:

  • crashes
  • vehicles
  • injured persons
94
Q

What does frequency analysis provide?

A

A true, easy to understand, picture

95
Q

What is a limitation of frequency analysis?

A

Difficuty comparing accross disparate groups (e.g. number of crashes in Boston vs. Blacksburg)

96
Q

How is rate analysis conducted?

A

Divide frequency by a normalizing factor that is typically used to assess crash exposure

97
Q

What are some examples of rate analysis metrics?

A

Crash rate per:

  • Million vehicles in intersections
  • Number of registered drivers in geographic regions
98
Q

What is important to consider when comparing rate analyses accross groups?

A

That the numerator and denominator are defined the same

99
Q

How is trend analysis conducted?

A

Calculate the mean value over a time period

100
Q

What is important to consider with trend analysis?

A

Statistical analysis (e.g. linear regression) is needed to assess if a trend is statistically significant.

101
Q

What factors must be considered when operationally defining a crash when using police accident reports?

A
  • Police crash reports are only typically required when property damage exceeds $1-1.5k.
  • Every police jurisdiction reports differently
102
Q

What are some key things to consider in crash data analses

A
  • Differences in documentation
  • Which crashes require documentation
  • What data elements in crash reports provide the desired information? Zip Code?
  • Are there any subsequent research questions you are interested in?
  • Inherent differences between cities
103
Q

What are some examples of important differences between cities to consider in data analyses?

A
  • socioeconomic
  • tax base
  • safety priorities
  • police enforcement
104
Q

Describe the Fatality Accident Reporting System (FARS).

A
  • Formerly Fatal Accident Reporting System
  • 1975 – current

Census of all police-reported crashes:

  • that involve a motor vehicle traveling on a Trafficway customarily open to the public, and
  • result in the death of at least one person (occupant of a vehicle or a non-motorist) within 30 days of the crash
105
Q

Which three data collection systems comprise the National Automotive Sampling System?

A
  • 1979 - 1986: Continuous Sampling System (CSS)
  • 1988 - 2015: General Estimates System (GES)
  • 1988 - 2015: Crashworthiness Data System (CDS)
106
Q

What is included in the General Estimates System (GES)?

A

Police-reported crashes that involve:

  • at least one motor vehicle traveling on a public Trafficway, and
  • that result in property damage, injury, or death
107
Q

Describe what is included in the Crashworthiness Data System (CDS)?

A
  • Must involve a harmful event (property damage and/or personal injury) resulting from a crash, and
  • must involve at least one towed passenger car or light truck or van in transport on a Trafficway
108
Q

What replaced Nass/GES in 2016?

A

the Crash Report Sampling System (CRSS)

109
Q

What replaced NASS/CDS in 2016 (pilot cases only)?

A

the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS).

Analytic files available since 2017.

110
Q

Describe the Special Crash Investigations (SCI) data collection system.

A
  • U.S. National Crash Data Collection System
  • 1972 – present
  • The most in-depth and detailed level of crash investigation data collected by NHTSA
  • Intended to be an anecdotal data set useful for examining special crash circumstances or outcomes from an engineering perspective.
  • Case Types include “Crash Avoidance Technology” and “Self-Driving Vehicle”.
111
Q

Describe the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN).

A
  • U.S. National Crash Data Collection System
  • 1997 – present
  • Crash investigations with case initiation through trauma centers;
  • multidisciplinary (medical / engineering) evaluations focused on serious and disabling injuries.
112
Q

Describe the Non-Traffic Surveillance (NTS) data collection system.

A
  • National Crash Data Collection System
  • formerly Not-in-Traffic Surveillance
  • 2007 – present
  • Estimated summaries for fatal and injured persons in:
    • Motor vehicle crashes that occur off the public trafficways, and
    • Nontraffic incidents such as a vehicle falling on a person underneath, hypothermia or hyperthermia, or an unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning inside the vehicle.
113
Q

Describe the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey (NMVCSS).

A
  • 2005 – 2007
  • National survey of crashes involving light passenger vehicles
  • Focuses on the factors related to pre-crash events.
114
Q

Describe the Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS).

A
  • 2001 – 2003
  • National study to attempt to determine the critical events and associated factors that contribute to serious large truck crashes.
115
Q

Describe the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS).

A
  • U.S. National Crash Data Collection System
  • Clinical study from six sites
  • 521 Pedestrian-LPV traffic crashes
116
Q

What are the four general categoriesof traffic crash and related data?

A
  • epidemiological
  • case-level
  • naturalistic
  • exposure
117
Q

Describe Epidemiological data.

A

Larger data collections related to crashes, primarily based on official records

118
Q

What is an example of epidemiological data?

A

Compilations from police reports with driver license / record information added

119
Q

How is epidemiological data analysis typically conducted?

A

On aggregate data or large subsets thereof

120
Q

What are some examples of U.S. epidemiological databases?

A
  • FARS
  • NASS-GES
  • CRSS
121
Q

Describe case-level data.

A
  • Smaller collections from individual crashes that include:
    • crash technician investigation
    • data collection for more detailed data than available on police reports
  • Analysis is typically conducted on:
    • aggregate data
    • large subsets of aggregate data
    • case studies
122
Q

How is case-level data analysis typically conducted?

A

Smaller collections from individual crashes that include crash technician investigation and data collection for more detailed data than available on police reports

123
Q

Describe case studies.

A

detailed examination of a single case or a small number of cases typically selected based on very specific criteria

124
Q

What are some example of case-level U.S. data?

A
  • NASS-CDS
  • CISS
  • SCI
  • CIREN
125
Q

Describe naturalistic data

A

Unobtrusive continual acquisition of driver, vehicle, and environmental states

126
Q

Describe naturalistic data analysis.

A

Unobtrusive continual acquisition of:

  • driver
  • vehicle
  • environmental states

Analysis may summarize:

  • aggregate driving or
  • require some initial data reduction to summarize factors during short intervals surrounding crashes or
  • other conditions of interest (e.g., near-crash, epoch, baseline), or
  • may apply a case study approach
127
Q

What are some examples of U.S. naturalistic data?

A
  • 100-Car
  • SHRP 2
128
Q

Describe exposure data.

A

•Generally, aggregate measures used to create rates

129
Q

What are some examples of exposure data elements?

A
  • population
  • licenced drivers
  • registered vehicles
  • vehicle miles traveled
130
Q

What are some examples of U.S. exposure data?

A
  • Vehicle Miles of Travel (FHWA)
  • Annual light vehicle registrations (IHS/R.L. Polk NVPP)
131
Q

In which years between 1995 and 2019 did the national annual vehicle miles traveled decrease compared to the year prior?

A

2008, 2009 and 2011

132
Q

What year had the largest annual decrease in vehicle miles traveled compared to the prior year?

A

2020

133
Q

Rank the degree of decrease in VMT from previous year for the five most notable decreases.

A
  1. 2020: 11%
  2. 1973: 2.5%
  3. 2008: 1.9%
  4. 1979: 1.0%
  5. 2011: 0.6%
  6. 1980: 0.1%

Human Factors Final Exam (5 decks)

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