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Surgery Signs, Triads, etc. > Signs, triads, etc. > Flashcards

Signs, triads, etc. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ABC’s of melanoma?

A

Asymmetric
Border irregularities
Color variation
Diameter >0.6 cm and Dark color

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2
Q

What is the Allen’s test?

A

Test for patency of ulnar artery prior to placing a radial arterial line or perform- ing an ABG: Examiner occludes both ulnar and radial arteries with fingers as patient makes fist; patient opens fist while examiner releases ulnar artery occlusion to assess blood flow to hand

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3
Q

Ballance’s sign

A

Constant dullness to percussion in the left flank/LUQ and resonance to percussion in the right flank seen with splenic rupture/hematoma

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4
Q

Ballance’s Sign

A

Constant dullness to percussion in the left flank/LUQ and resonance to percussion in the right flank seen with splenic rupture/hematoma

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5
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus

A

Columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus (GERD related)

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6
Q

Battle’s Sign

A

Ecchymosis over the mastoid process in patients with basilar skull fractures

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7
Q

Beck’s Triad

A

Seen in patients with cardiac tamponade:

  1. JVD
  2. Decreased or muffled heart sounds
  3. Decreased blood pressure
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8
Q

Bergman’s Triad

A

Seen with fat emboli syndrome:

  1. Mental status changes
  2. Petechiae (often in the axilla/thorax)
  3. Dyspnea
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9
Q

Blumer’s Shelf

A

Metastatic disease to the rectouterine (pouch of Douglas) or rectovesical pouch creating a “shelf” that is palpable on rectal examination

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10
Q

Boas’ Sign

A

Right subscapular pain resulting from cholelithiasis

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11
Q

Borchardt’s Triad

A

Seen with gastric volvulus:

  1. Emesis followed by retching
  2. Epigastric distention
  3. Failure to pass an NGT
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12
Q

Carcinoid Triad

A

Seen with carcinoid syndrome (Think: “FDR”):

  1. Flushing
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Right-sided heart failure
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13
Q

Charcot’s Triad

A

Seen with cholangitis:

  1. Fever (chills)
  2. Jaundice
  3. Right upper quadrant pain
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14
Q

Chvostek’s Sign

A

Twitching of facial muscles upon tapping the facial nerve in patients with hypocalcemia

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15
Q

Courvoisier’s Law

A

Enlarged nontender gallbladder seen with obstruction of the common bile duct, most commonly with pancreatic cancer Note: not seen with gallstone obstruction because the gallbladder is scarred secondary to chronic cholelithiasis

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16
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

Columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus (GERD related)

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17
Q

Battle’s sign

A

Ecchymosis over the mastoid process in patients with basilar skull fractures

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18
Q

Beck’s triad

A

Seen in patients with cardiac tamponade:

  1. JVD
  2. Decreased or muffled heart sounds
  3. Decreased blood pressure
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19
Q

Bergman’s triad

A

Seen with fat emboli syndrome:

  1. Mental status changes
  2. Petechiae (often in the axilla/thorax)
  3. Dyspnea
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20
Q

Blumer’s shelf

A

Metastatic disease to the rectouterine (pouch of Douglas) or rectovesical pouch creating a “shelf” that is palpable on rectal examination

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21
Q

Boas’ sign

A

Right subscapular pain resulting from cholelithiasis

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22
Q

Borchardt’s triad

A

Seen with gastric volvulus:

  1. Emesis followed by retching
  2. Epigastric distention
  3. Failure to pass an NGT
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23
Q

Carcinoid triad

A

Seen with carcinoid syndrome (Think: “FDR”):

  1. Flushing
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Right-sided heart failure
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24
Q

Charcot’s triad

A

Seen with cholangitis:

  1. Fever (chills)
  2. Jaundice
  3. Right upper quadrant pain
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25
Q

Chvostek’s sign

A

Twitching of facial muscles upon tapping the facial nerve in patients with hypocalcemia

26
Q

Courvoisier’s law

A

Enlarged nontender gallbladder seen with obstruction of the common bile duct, most commonly with pancreatic cancer Note: not seen with gallstone obstruction because the gallbladder is scarred secondary to chronic cholelithiasis

27
Q

Cullen’s sign

A

Bluish discoloration of the periumbilical area due to retroperitoneal hemorrhage tracking around to the anterior abdominal wall through fascial planes (e.g., acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis)

28
Q

Cushing’s triad

A

Signs of increased intracranial pressure:

  1. Hypertension
  2. Bradycardia
  3. Irregular respirations
29
Q

Dance’s sign

A

Empty right lower quadrant in children with ileocecal intussusception

30
Q

Fothergill’s sign

A

Used to differentiate an intra-abdominal mass from one in the abdominal wall; if mass is felt while there is tension on the musculature, then it is in the wall (i.e., sitting halfway upright)

31
Q

Fox’s sign

A

Ecchymosis of inguinal ligament seen with retroperitoneal bleeding

32
Q

Goodsall’s rule

A

Anal fistulae course in a straight path anteriorly and a curved path posteriorly from midline (Think of a dog with a straight anterior nose and a curved posterior tail)

33
Q

Grey Turner’s sign

A

Ecchymosis or discoloration of the flank in patients with retroperitoneal hemorrhage as a result of dissecting blood from the retroperitoneum (Think: TURNer’s = TURN side-to-side = flank)

34
Q

Hamman’s sign/crunch

A

Crunching sound on auscultation of the heart resulting from emphysematous mediastinum; seen with Boerhaave’s syndrome, pneumomediastinum, etc.

35
Q

Homan’s sign

A

Calf pain on forced dorsiflexion of the foot in patients with DVT

36
Q

Howship-Romberg sign

A

Pain along the inner aspect of the thigh; seen with an obturator hernia as the result of nerve compression

37
Q

Kehr’s sign

A

Severe left shoulder pain in patients with splenic rupture (as a result of referred pain from diaphragmatic irritation)

38
Q

Kelly’s sign

A

Visible peristalsis of the ureter in response to squeezing or retraction; used to identify the ureter during surgery

39
Q

Krukenberg tumor

A

Metastatic tumor to the ovary (classically from gastric cancer)

40
Q

Laplace’s law

A

Wall tension = pressure x radius (thus, the colon perforates preferentially at the cecum because of the increased radius and resultant increased wall tension)

41
Q

McBurney’s point

A

One third the distance from the anterior iliac spine to the umbilicus on a line connecting the two

42
Q

McBurney’s sign

A

Tenderness at McBurney’s point in patients with appendicitis

43
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum rule of 2s

A

2% of the population have a Meckel’s diverticulum, 2% of those are symptomatic, and they occur within ~2 feet of the ileocecal valve

44
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

Lower quadrant pain due to ovulation

45
Q

Murphy’s sign

A

Cessation of inspiration while palpating under the right costal margin; the patient cannot continue to inspire deeply because it brings an inflamed gallbladder under pressure (seen in acute cholecystitis)

46
Q

Obturator sign

A

Pain upon internal rotation of the leg with the hip and knee flexed; seen in patients with appendicitis/pelvic abscess

47
Q

Pheochromocytoma SYMPTOMS triad

A

Think of the first three letters in the word pheochromocytoma—“P-H-E”:
Palpitations
Headache
Episodic diaphoresis

48
Q

Pheochromocytoma rule of 10s

A

10% bilateral, 10% malignant, 10% in children, 10% extra-adrenal, 10% have multiple tumors

49
Q

Psoas sign

A

Pain elicited by extending the hip with the knee in full extension, seen with appendicitis and psoas inflammation

50
Q

Racoon eyes

A

Bilateral black eyes as a result of basilar skull fracture

51
Q

Reynold’s pentad

A
  1. Fever
  2. Jaundice
  3. Right upper quadrant pain
  4. Mental status changes
  5. Shock/sepsis
    Thus, Charcot’s triad plus #4 and #5; seen
    in patients with suppurative cholangitis
52
Q

Rovsing’s sign

A

Palpation of the left lower quadrant resulting in pain in the right lower quadrant; seen in appendicitis

53
Q

Saint’s triad

A
  1. Cholelithiasis
  2. Hiatal hernia
  3. Diverticular disease
54
Q

Silk glove sign

A

Indirect hernia sac in the pediatric patient; the sac feels like a finger of a silk glove when rolled under the examining finger

55
Q

Sister Mary Joseph’s sign

A

Metastatic tumor to umbilical lymph node(s)

56
Q

Virchow’s node

A

Metastatic tumor to left supraclavicular node (classically due to gastric cancer)

57
Q

Virchow’s triad

A

Risk factors for thrombosis:

  1. Stasis
  2. Abnormal endothelium
  3. Hypercoagulability
58
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A

Carpal spasm after occlusion of blood to the forearm with a BP cuff in patients with hypocalcemia

59
Q

Valentino’s sign

A

Right lower quadrant pain from a perforated peptic ulcer due to succus/ pus draining into the RLQ

60
Q

Westermark’s sign

A

Decreased pulmonary vascular markings on CXR in a patient with pulmonary embolus

61
Q

Whipple’s triad

A 
Evidence for insulinoma:
1. Hypoglycemia (50)
2. CNS and vasomotor symptoms
(e.g., syncope, diaphoresis)
3. Relief of symptoms with
administration of glucose

Surgery Signs, Triads, etc. (4 decks)

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