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Block 1 W5 > Signal Transduction Perrino > Flashcards

Signal Transduction Perrino Flashcards

1
Q

what type of signaling is a process in which one cell creates signaling molecules that is recognized by neighboring target cells

A

Paracrine signaling

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2
Q

what type of signaling is the release of signaling molecules into the blood stream where they can bind to receptors that are far from the sources of release.

A

Endocrine Signaling

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3
Q

synaptic signaling involves a target cell and a (blank) forming a synapse

A

neuron

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4
Q

what type of signaling does not require high affinity ligand binding?

A

synaptic signaling

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5
Q

what type of signaling requires high affinity ligand binding?

A

endocrine signaling

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6
Q

what type of signaling molecule is common in endocrine signaling?

A

Hormones

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7
Q

what is the common “generic” intracellular signaling pathway?

A

extracellular signaling molecule binds to receptor protein– intracellular signaling protein cascade–effector proteins–resulting in altered metabolism, altered gene expression, or altered cell shape or movement.

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8
Q

what are 4 methods cells use for signaling?

A

cell-surface receptors
contact-dependent
intracellular receptors
gap junctions

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9
Q

what type of signaling involves a group of identical signaling cells?

A

autocrine signaling

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10
Q

what type of signaling uses vast distances and a large volume of signaling molecules?

A

endocrine signaling

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11
Q

what type of signaling uses very small distances with a small volume of signaling molecules?

A

synaptic signaling

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12
Q

in which type of signaling is the concentration of signaling molecules very high?

A

synaptic signaling

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13
Q

what do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) do?

A

the act within the brain to increase the amount of Serotonin in the synaptic gap by inhibiting its reuptake.

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14
Q

cells are programmed to respond to specific combinations of signaling. what are the 4 different generic signals?

A

Survive
grow and divide
differentiate
Die

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15
Q

what is contact-dependent signaling?

A

membrane bound signaling molecules directly interact with receptor on adjacent targeted cell.

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16
Q

what are two types of molecular switches?

A

singling by phosphorylation & Signaling by GTP-Binding

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17
Q

which molecular switch always turns proteins/pathways on?

A

GTP-Binding signaling

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18
Q

which molecular switch can turn a proteins/pathway on or off?

A

Signaling by phosphorylation

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19
Q

what is the inactive form and the active form in GTP-Binding

A

GDP-inactive, GTP-active binding

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20
Q

phosphorylation requires which high energy molecule to turn something on?

A

ADP to ATP

21
Q

switches allow for the (blank) of signals

A

integration

22
Q

what to signaling complexes allow for?

A

specificity by restricting localization of the integrated signal

23
Q

what allows for the assembly of molecular switch complexes?

A

modular binding domains of signaling proteins.
ex. RTKs binding with PTB docking proteins which bind with SH2 domains which bind to membrane bound docking sites and other scaffolding proteins.

24
Q

as the number of activator molecules that are bound to the effector protein increase, the slope of the activation curve (blank)

A

increases

25
Q

describe threshold activation

A

some effector proteins require binding of multiple signaling molecules in order to reach a level for activation can occur

26
Q

what type of binding is an “all or nothing” response?

A

threshold activation- no activity is seen during the build up of signaling molecules till the threshold is achieved.

27
Q

what are the 5 mechanisms of desensitization?

A 
Receptor sequestration
receptor down regulation
receptor inactivation
inactivation of signaling protein
production of inhibitory proteins
28
Q

what is receptor sequestration?

A

receptors are removed from cell membrane and internalized

29
Q

what is receptor down-regulation?

A

receptor number is decreases via lysosomal degradation.

30
Q

what type of desensitization involves the receptor being inactivated via phosphorylation or binding of another molecule to in intracellular domain?

A

Receptor- Inactivation

31
Q

what type of desensitization: receptor is activated but the protein within the signaling pathway is inactivated , causing a block in the pathway

A

inactivation of signaling protein

32
Q

what is the production of inhibitory protein?

A

another protein inhibits pathway or signaling cascade

33
Q

define positive feedback

A

product of a reaction or signaling pathway increases its own output.

34
Q

define negative feedback

A

product formed reduces its formation of more product

35
Q

a ligand binds a substrate activating it, an enzyme than binds increasing its activity, with the addition of yet another enzymes the activity is further increase ( a switch like behavior). This is an example of what?

A

accelerating positive feedback

36
Q

which type of ligands typically have intracellular receptors?

A

Steroid hormones

37
Q

what are 2 other important classes of signaling molecules that bind to intracellular receptors?

A

vitamind D3 and retonic acid

38
Q

steroid hormones are (blank)

A

transcription factors

39
Q

Rapid responses from signaling transduction most likely include change in (blank)

A

protein function

40
Q

slow responses (mins to hrs) from signaling transduction most likely include (blank)

A

altered protein synthesis

41
Q

singling molecules in the circulation are usually carried by what?

A

carrier proteins- signaling molecules are normally hydrophobic so they pass through cell membrane easily but need help with migration through the circulation.

42
Q

prostaglandins (PGs) synthesis from membrane phospholipids is an example of (blank)

A

autocrine signaling

43
Q

what to PGs mediate?

A

pain responses, as in headaches, arthritis, menstrual cramps etc..

44
Q

PG synthesis is inhibited at phospholipase A2 stage by what?

A

corticosteroids

45
Q

PG synthesis inhibited at cyclooxyhenase stage by what?

A

NASIDs like ibuprofen

46
Q

what are the stages of prostoglandin synthesis?

A

membrane phospholips–arachidonic acid (extended)– arachidonic acid folded confirmation–prostaglandin

47
Q

what are three cell types that can respond to acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Skeletal muscle cell, heart muscle, salivary gland cell.

48
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO) as an important signaling molecule with an (blank) receptor

A

intracellular receptor

49
Q

erectile dysfunction medication such as Viagra work by doing what?

A

inhibiting the breakdown of cyclic GMP by inhibiting phosphodiesterase (PDE) from breaking down cGMP

Block 1 W5 (11 decks)

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