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MCB1 Block 3 > Signal Transduction > Flashcards

Signal Transduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the transduction pathway where the target cell far from the endocrine cell, and the hormone goes down the blood stream to get to the target?

A

Endocrine

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2
Q

What is the name of the transduction pathway where the signaling cell secretes signaling molecule that binds to receptor on surface of adjacent cells?

A

Paracrine

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3
Q

What is the name of the transduction pathway where the binding of neurotransmitters to post-synaptic cell?

A

Neuronal

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4
Q

What is the name of the transduction pathway where the signaling molecule is transmembrane and binds directly to target cell?

A

Contact-dependent

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5
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

A cell stimulating itself. The cell has signaling receptors for the same molecule its releasing

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6
Q

What is the definition of signal transduction?

A

cell converts extracellular signals into intracellular events

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7
Q

cell converts extracellular signals into intracellular events is what?

A

Signal transduction

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8
Q

How does the same signaling molecule affect different cell types?

A

They are different affects depending on what the cell type is

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9
Q

Describe how acetylcholine affects heart, salivary, and skeletal muscle cell.

A

Heart: decreased heart rate
Salivary: secretion
muscle: contraction

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10
Q

The first messenger in the signal transduction pathway is also known as the:

A

First messenger

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11
Q

Primary messengers bind to _____ on cell surface, and then causes what?

A

Receptor, conformational change

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12
Q

What is the ultimate goal in signal transduction pathway?

A

Change in gene expression

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13
Q

What are the two kinds of intracellular signaling proteins?

A

Kinases & G- proteins

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14
Q

What are G proteins?

A

GTP binding proteins

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15
Q

To activate kinase, what happens?

A

phosphorylation

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16
Q

To activate G protein, what happens?

A

GTP bound

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17
Q

Explain how one small signal can produce a large cell response

A

The presence of enzymes allow the response to be amplified

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18
Q

What is a role of second messengers in regards to the signal?

A

It amplifies the signal

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19
Q

Where are you likely to find G-protein coupled receptors?

A

Adrenergic & olfactory receptors

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20
Q

Where are you likely to find Receptor Tyrosine Kinases?

A

GFRs, Insulin receptor

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21
Q

Where are you likely to find serine/threonine kinase receptors?

A

TGFbeta receptor

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22
Q

What are receptors without kinase activity?

A

Cytokine receptors, integrins

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23
Q

What are ion-channel linked receptors?

A

neurotransmitters

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24
Q

What are examples of intracellular receptors?

A

steroid hormone receptors

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25
Q

Ion channels do not have any _____ _____

A

second messengers

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26
Q

An integrin protein doesn’t have what kind of activity?

A

kinase

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27
Q

What structural characteristic is important about G protein coupled receptors?

A

They cross membrane 7 times

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28
Q

A G protein coupled receptor is coupled to what?

A

A G protein

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29
Q

The G protein in G protein coupled receptors has how many subunits?

A

3

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30
Q

What does GPCR stand for?

A

G protein coupled receptor

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31
Q

What subunit on G protein is bound to GPCR?

A

alpha

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32
Q

Once a ligand binds the receptor what happens to the G protein?

A

GDP replaced by GTP

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33
Q

Once G protein is replaced with GTP, what is next step?

A

alpha subunit breaks away and binds to effector

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34
Q

Does the G protein leave the membrane during the signal transduction? Why or why not

A

No, because it is held onto membrane by fatty acid tail

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35
Q

After the alpha subunit of G protein binds to effector and causes signal, what happens?

A

alpha unit has GTPase activity and hydrolyses its GTP to GDP then joins the other two subuntis

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36
Q

Name the two main pathways we have to know for GPCR & G protein pathways

A
  1. Creates cAMP as 2nd messenger
    (effector protein= adenyl cyclase)
  2. Creates DAG & IP3 as 2nd messengers
    (effector protein= phospholipase C; PLC)
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37
Q

Describe the signaling pathway (all the steps) with G protein where cAMP is second messenger

A

(ppt# 17)
signal molecule ginds to GPCR → G protein exchanges GDP for GTP → G protein activates adenylyl cyclase → Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP → cAMP activates PKA (protein kinase A) →PKA phosphorylates other proteins → cellular response

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38
Q

What two amino acids are part of PKA?

A

Serine & Threonine

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39
Q

What does CRE stand?

A

cAMP response element

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40
Q

What does CRE do?

A

region within promoter that genes that respond to cAMP have

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41
Q

What does cAMP specifically bind to in signal pathway?

A

regulatory unit of PKA

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42
Q

The PKA activates catalytic proteins, and it also does what?

A

Goes into nucleus and activates TFs

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43
Q

What does CREB stand for?

A

cAMP response element binding protein

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44
Q

What does CREB do?

A

initiates transcription activity

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45
Q

Describe the steps once PKA enters nucleus

A

PKA enters nucleus → phosphorylates TFs → CREB binds to promoter region on CRE → gene activity

46
Q

What inactivates or blocks cAMP activity?

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase & caffeine

47
Q

What does Gs stand for?

A

Stimulatory G protein

48
Q

What does Gi stand for?

A

Inhibitory G protein

49
Q

What does Gi protein do?

A

Same mechanism as Gs protein, like in cAMP activation, but it would inhibit the effect

50
Q

The cholera toxin, E. coli toxin, pertussis toxin all do what?

A

Lock G protein

51
Q

What is ADP ribosylation?

A

The change that occurs to lock G protein in its state

52
Q

Explain what happens in the cholera and E.coli toxin with G protein

A

Gs locked in GTP bound state - very high levels of cAMP

53
Q

Explain what happens w/ pertussis toxin and G protein

A

Gi locked in GDP bound - very high levels of cAMP

54
Q

Describe the signaling pathway (all the steps) of G protein where DAG & IP3 are second messengers

A

Signal molecule binds to GPCR → G protein (Gq protein) GDP to GTP → activates PCL → breaks down inositol phospholipid into two second messengers: IP3 & DAG → IP3 binds calcium ion channel on sER → calcium release → DAG and IP3 both activate PKC → PKC activates transcription factors

55
Q

What does PLC stand for?

A

phospholipase C

56
Q

What does PLC stand for?

A

phospholipase C

57
Q

What does IP3 stand for?

A

Inositol, 1,4,5-triphosphate

58
Q

Key word: Rhodopsin

A

Retinitis pigmentosa 4

59
Q

Characteristics: Loss/diminished night and peripheral vision; Treatment: Vitamin A slows progression is what disease?

A

Retinitis pigmentosa 4

60
Q

What is the mechanism for retinitis pigmentosa 3?

A

Mutation of Rhodopsin (GPCR) causes degeneration of photoreceptor cells in the retina

61
Q

What does RTK stand for?

A

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

62
Q

Most growth factors are what kind of kinase?

A

RTK

63
Q

Name three domains in RTK

A

transmembrane domain, lingand binidng domain, tyrosine kinase domain on inside

64
Q

How are RTK activated?

A

ligand binds and then they dimerize

65
Q

Describe the general steps in TK signaling pathway

A

Ligand binds → Receptor dimerization → tyrosine phosphorylation → kinase activation → phosphorylation effector proteins

66
Q

What does TK stand for?

A

Tyrosine Kinase

67
Q

RTK always function as ___

A

dimers

68
Q

What is the purpose of the Pl3K pathway?

A

Cell survival

69
Q

List the steps of the Pl3K pathway

A

Signal binds RTK→ dimerization → RTK phosphorylate each other → RTK phosphorylates Pl3K → Pl3K phosphorylates PIP2 → PIP3 → PIP3 activates AKT → phosphorylates BAD → inhibition of apoptosis

70
Q

What is another name for Akt?

A

PKB

71
Q

What is BAD?

A

pore forming, pro-apoptosis protein

72
Q

What happens when BAD is phosphorylated?

A

It is inactivated

73
Q

What does PKB inhibit?

A

BAD

74
Q

What does BAD inhibit?

A

BCL-2

75
Q

What does BCL-2 inhibit?

A

BAX

76
Q

What does BAX do?

A

form pores

77
Q

What protein is actually forming the pores for apoptosis?

A

BAX

78
Q

What G protein pathway is the same for RTK pathway?

A

IP3 & DAG messengers

79
Q

What are the domains of Grb2?

A

SH2 & two SH3 domains

80
Q

What domain of Grb2 binds to RTK?

A

SH2 domain

81
Q

What does SH3 domain of Grb2 bind to?

A

Ras-GEF

82
Q

What is another name for Ras-GEF

A

Sos

83
Q

What are the steps in the Ras-MAPK pathway?

A

signal protein binds RTK → dimerization → autophosphorylation → autophosphorylation makes binding sites for signaling proteins → SH2 domain of Grb2 binds → SH3 domain of Grb2 binds to Ras-Gef → Ras-Gef activates Ras protein (GDP→GTP) → activates Raf → phosphorylates Mek → phosphorylates Map K (Erk) → TFs → change gene expression and protein activity

84
Q

Insulin receptor is a ____ ____

A

tyrosine kinase

85
Q

Key words: hyperglycemia, obesity, insulin resistance are what disease?

A

NIDDM (Non Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitis)

86
Q

What does NIDDM stand for?

A

NIDDM (Non Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitis)

87
Q

Characteristics: #1 risk factor - obesity are what disease?

A

NIDDM

88
Q

What is the mechanism for NIDDM?

A

Hyperglycemia → affects blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, nerves; Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, liver, & adipose tissue due to down regulation of insulin receptor → decreased receptor phosphorylation & TK activity → decreased 2nd messengers in pathway; Pancreatic B-cell dysfunction ! insulin deficiency

89
Q

Over activation of RTK can cause ______

A

cancer

90
Q

EGFR (HER1) is what cancer?

A

Breast

91
Q

EGFR2 (HER2) is what cancer?

A

breast

92
Q

VEGF is what cancer?

A

colorectal cancer, NSCLC

93
Q

What are cytokine receptors?

A

No enzymatic activity - they are like RTKs but no enzymatic activity

94
Q

What associates with cytokine receptors but is not a part of the cytokine itself?

A

kinase

95
Q

What are the two receptors without kinase activity?

A

cytokine receptors, integrin receptors

96
Q

Explain the Jak/STAT pathway

A

Cytokine binds to cytokine receptors → dimerization → JAK (a kinase associated w/ cytokine) phosphorylates each other → JAK phosphorylates cytokine receptor → STAT binds to cytokine receptor → STAT phosphorylated by JAK → STAT active → activated STATs dimerize and migrate to nucleus → gene regulation

97
Q

What does ILK stand for?

A

Integrin-linked kinase

98
Q

What does FAK stand for?

A

Focal adhesion kinase

99
Q

Describe what I should know about integrin receptor pathway

A

integrin receptors heterodimerize and bind to ECM proteins, receptors @ bottom of integrin associate with kinases,

100
Q

What is an integrin receptor?

A

Ligand binding →clustering of receptors which recruits & activates kinases

101
Q

What two kinases might integrin receptors link with?

A

ILK or FAK

102
Q

Describe ion channel linked receptors

A

Ligand binding → conformational change → gate opens → influx of ions (often Ca2+)

How neurons work

103
Q

All hormone receptors are ____ ___

A

transcription factors

104
Q

Where are hormone receptors found?

A

cytoplasm & nucleus

105
Q

Steroid hormone receptors all have what two domains?

A

DNA binding domain & hormone binding domain

106
Q

Describe steroid hormone pathway

A

Steroid hormone diffuse membrane → bind receptor → conformational change/dimerization → translocation to nucleus → TFs

107
Q

Where do steroid hormone receptors bind to in DNA?

A

HRE - Hormone response element

108
Q

What does HRE stand for?

A

Hormone response element

109
Q

Grb2 is NOT what?

A

an enzyme - it acts as an anchor for Ras-GEF

110
Q

What is a prominent adaptor protein involved in RTK signaling?

A

Grb2

MCB1 Block 3 (15 decks)

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