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MCB1 Block 3 > Organelles > Flashcards

Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Does a prokaryote have a nucleus?

A

No

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2
Q

What is the diameter of a typical prokaryote cell?

A

1 um

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3
Q

What is the diameter of a typical eukaryote cell?

A

10-100 um

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4
Q

Does a prokaryote cell have a cytoskeleton?

A

No

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5
Q

Does prokaryote have cytoplasmic organelles?

A

No

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6
Q

Prokaryote cells have ______ ______ DNA

A

Single Cirulcar

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7
Q

Eukaryote cells have ______ ______ DNA

A

multiple linear

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8
Q

Walls of prokaryotes are made of?

A

Carbohydrate (peptidoglycan)

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9
Q

RER is responsible for _____ production

A

protein

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10
Q

SER is responsible for _____ production

A

lipid

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11
Q

What gives membranes their shape?

A

microfilaments

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12
Q

What is the backbone of all membranes?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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13
Q

How does cholesterol affect a membrane?

A

It increases the rigidity

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14
Q

Cholesterol has a ______ head

A

hydrophilic

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15
Q

Glycolipid is a phospholipid with ______ attached sugar chains

A

covalently

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16
Q

What kind of chains only face the extracellular surface?

A

Carbohydrate chains

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17
Q

What is another name for integral protein?

A

Transmembrane protein

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18
Q

What color will gram-negative prokaryotes stain?

A

Pink

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19
Q

What color will gram-positive prokaryotes stain?

A

Purple

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20
Q

Explain why some prokaryotes will stain pink and some purple

A

Gram negative bacteria has to membranes, (outer membrane, then cell wall, then plasma membrane) so the stain can’t get through the wall. Gram positive bacteria only has one plasma membrane (a cell wall on top) so stain binds to carbohydrates in cell wall and it stains purple

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21
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

The name of carbohydrates on eukaryotic surface

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22
Q

What cannot cross a cell membrane unless they are transported through channels or transporters?

A

Anything hydrophilic (can’t cross the hydrophobic part of bilayer)

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23
Q

A vacoule is responsible for?

A

Water storage

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24
Q

What is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA?

A

nucleolus

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25
Q

What is responsible for DNA replication, synthesis of tRNA, mRNA, and some nuclear proteins?

A

Nucleus

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26
Q

Where does glycolysis, and many reactions in gluconeogenesis take place?

A

Cytosol

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27
Q

Where does pentose phosphate pathways, activation of a.a., fatty acid synthesis, and nucleotide synthesis take place?

A

Cytosol

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28
Q

Where does glycogen synthesis and degradation take place?

A

Glycogen granules

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29
Q

What are lysosomes responsible for?

A

Segregation of hydrolytic enzymes such as ribonuclease and acid phosphatase

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30
Q

What is ER responsible for?

A

Lipid synthesis, direction of biosynthetic products to their ultimate location

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31
Q

What are ribosomes responsible for?

A

Protein synthesis

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32
Q

What is responsible for a.a. oxidation, catalse & perodiase reactions, sterol degradation?

A

Microbodies

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33
Q

What are the duties of the golgi complex?

A

Maturation of glycoproteins & other components of membranes and secretory vessels

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34
Q

Where does citric acid cycle, ETC, odiative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid catabolism, pyruvate oxidation take place?

A

Mitochondria

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35
Q

Where does the inner leaflet of cell membrane face?

A

cytoplasm

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36
Q

Where does outer leaflet of cell membrane face?

A

extracellularly

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37
Q

Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol are all components of ____ _____

A

Cell membrane

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38
Q

Cholesterol is a type of _____

A

Steroid

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39
Q

Triglyceride store ____

A

fat

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40
Q

Phosphatidylcholine is an example of a ______

A

phospholipid

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41
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

has hydrophobic & hydrophillic parts

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42
Q

Describe structure of phospholipid

A

amphipathic, polar head and 2 non-polar tails (tails are made of carbon)

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43
Q

All lipids are ____

A

amphipathic

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44
Q

Is cholesterol found on the inner or outer leaflet?

A

both

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45
Q

Are glycolipids found on the inner or outer leaflet?

A

outer

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46
Q

glycolipid carbohydrate residues form ____

A

glycocalyx

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47
Q

A phospholipid has a polar head and two non-polar tails, what is important about the tails?

A

One is kinked (unsaturated, double bonds) and one is no kinked (saturated)

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48
Q

How does more kinks in a phosphlipid tail affect the cell membrane?

A

It makes it more fluid

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49
Q

How does less kinks in a phospholipid tail affect the cell membrane?

A

It makes it less fluid

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50
Q

Phosphatidic acid is an example of what?

A

Phospholipid

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51
Q

Phocholinesphatidyl is an example of what?

A

Phospholipid

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52
Q

Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine is an example of what?

A

Phospholipid

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53
Q

Phosphatidyl-serine is an example of what?

A

Phospholipid

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54
Q

Where is phosphatidyl-serine found and why?

A

It is usually found on inner membrane. When a cell is undergoing apoptosis, an enzyme will flip it to outer membrane, signaling to macrophages to engulf it

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55
Q

Phosphatidyl-inositol is an example of what?

A

Phospholipid

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56
Q

Sphingomyelin is an example of what?

A

Phospholipid

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57
Q

Where is sugar found on cell membrane?

A

On extracellular surface

58
Q

A fatty acid will form what when dropped in water?

59
Q

A phospholipid will form what when dropped in water?

60
Q

What is the name of a circular bilayer used for drug delivery?

61
Q

What kind of bonding holds the lipids in the membrane together?

A

van der Waals bonding b/w tails

62
Q

In electron microscopy, the membrane appears ______ because the polar heads stain and the lipid section remains clear

A

trilaminar

63
Q

Membrane ______ is essential for exocytosis, endocytosis, membrane trafficking & biogenesis

64
Q

Which part of cholesterol is hydrophilic?

A

Hydroxy Head Group

65
Q

As there is in crease in temperature, what happens to membrane fluidity?

A

Fluidity increases

66
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid tails do what to membrane fluidity?

A

Increase fluidity

67
Q

Cholesterol does what to membrane fluidity?

A

Make membrane more stable or rigid

68
Q

What happens to red blood cells if there is too much cholesterol?

A

Because cholesterol makes membrane more rigid, cells have a distorted shape. RBC have thorn/finger like projections. Flexibility very important to function of RBC!

69
Q

What is ascites?

A

A protruding abdomen

70
Q

What is Asterixis?

A

Hold out hand and it flaps

71
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

an immature RBC

72
Q

Why does haemolytic anemia occur?

A

RBC are being destroyed too quickly

73
Q

What does caput medusae and oesophageal varices mean?

A

new blood vessels are being formed

74
Q

What pathology is associated with chronic liver disease?

A

Acanthocytosis

75
Q

What is acanthocytosis?

A

spur cells due to increased cholesterol in RBC membrane

76
Q

In acanthocytosis, RBC are deformed due to high cholesterol levels. What happens in the spleen because of this?

A

They get trapped and destroyed too early in the spleen

77
Q

A pt is jaundiced, has portal hypertension with ascites, asterixis, an increased reticulocyte count and distorted cholesterol balance - what do you suspect pt has?

A

Acanthocytosis

78
Q

What is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (GPI)?

A

A glycolipid that attaches proteins to plasma membrane

79
Q

Lipid rafts are rich in what two compounds?

A

cholesterol and glycosphingolipids

80
Q

Where do GPI tend to be found?

A

Lipid rafts

81
Q

____ _____ contain integral and peripheral membrane proteins, stick out of membrane a little, and are less fluid.

A

Lipid rafts

82
Q

What can be covalently attached to a GPI?

83
Q

Why do lipid rafts contain integral and peripheral membrane proteins clustered together?

A

The clustering enables proteins to function together for endocytic vesicles

84
Q

_____ use ATP to flip a phospholipid across a membrane

85
Q

What maintains the asymmetry of a membrane

86
Q

Flippases are ________ specific

A

phospholipid

87
Q

Scramblases are ______ scramblers

A

non-specific

88
Q

What two enzymes do flip-flop in cell membrane?

A

Flippase and Scramblase

89
Q

Is scramblase or flippase activated during apoptosis?

A

Scramblase

90
Q

What is a phosphlipid with a covalently attached sugar chain?

A

glycolipid

91
Q

What is on the surface of all plasma membranes?

A

Glycolipids

92
Q

Glycolipid is only on the ____ ____ of plasma membrane

A

outer leaflet

93
Q

A Ganglioside is an example of a

A

Glycolipid

94
Q

What is ganglioside a receptor for and where is it found?

A

Receptor for cholera toxin, found on intestinal epithelial cells

95
Q

The protein:lipid ratio is dependent on what?

A

What kind of cell it is

96
Q

Integral proteins bound to ____ ______ help maintain the structural integrity of the plasma membrane

A

actin cytoskeleton

97
Q

List the functions of membrane proteins

A

Transport nutrients, metabolites, and ions across bilayer
Anchor membrane to macromolecules on either side
Receptor: signal transduction
Enzymes
Cell identity markers (MHC)

98
Q

What is 30% of total protein and is amphipathic, often with an alpha helical secondary protein structure?

A

Integral transmembrane protein

99
Q

What is the function of integral transmembrane proteins?

A

Receptors - signaling and adhesion, channels, transporters/pumps

100
Q

What are located entirely outside but associated with inner/outer leaflet by noncovalent interactions?

A

Peripheral proteins

101
Q

Peripheral proteins are part of the ______

A

cytoskeleton

102
Q

What is located on either side of the bilayer and has a lipid group that inserts into the bilayer?

A

Lipid-anchored (peripheral) protein

103
Q

What is the function of lipid-anchored protein?

A

Signaling and cell adhesion

104
Q

What are the two different types of lipid anchors?

A

GPI (Glycosylphosphatidylinositol) anchor & Acylation or prenylation anchor

105
Q

Acylation links proteins to the _____ ______

A

inner leaflet

106
Q

Prenylation links proteins to the ____ _____

A

inner leaflet

107
Q

GPI links proteins to the ____ _____

A

outer leaflet

108
Q

What are the two kinds of transmembrane proteins in RBC?

A

Band 3 & Glycophorin

109
Q

Glycophorin is a ________ transmembrane protein

A

single pass

110
Q

Band 3 is a ________ transmembrane protein

111
Q

Spectrin is found in what kind of cell?

112
Q

What kind of chains make up spectrin?

A

alpha and beta

113
Q

What proteins bind to spectrin?

A

Band 3 & Glycophorin

114
Q

What two things bind together and help keep integrity of spectrin/junctional complex

A

F-actin & protein 4.1

115
Q

What is the purpose of spectrin in RBC?

A

Reinforces bilayer, allows RBC to withstand stress

116
Q

What is the purpose of ankyrin?

A

attaches spectrin cytoskeleton to membrane

117
Q

What does ankyrin bind to?

118
Q

What does protein 4.1 bind to?

A

glycophorin, spectrin, band 3

119
Q

Draw example blood cell membrane, including Glycophorin, Band 3 protein, Ankyrin, spectrin, Band 4.1, & actin

A

Check answer on organelle power point, slide 40

120
Q

What is the major cause of hereditary Spherocytosis?

A

inherited mutation in spectrin

121
Q

A very small, round blood cell that loses biconcave shape is called a _____

A

spherocyte

122
Q

Why are spherocytes small and round?

A

spectrin has a defect so the membrane is not strong - when membrane goes through small spaces like capillaries the membrane ruptures and little parts of membrane come off.

123
Q

If a person has spherocytes what kind of anemia might the have?

A

haemolytic

124
Q

If a person has the following symptoms: haemolytic anemia, jaundice, gall stones, and round, small RBC, what disease might they have?

A

hereditary spherocytosis

125
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

Increased spleen size

126
Q

Why do pts with Hereditary spherocytosis have splenomegaly?

A

the RBC get trapped in spleen causing the spleen size to increase

127
Q

Apical, lateral, and basal are all examples of _______ proteins but they all have different ______

A

transmembrane, functions

128
Q

What is the function of the apical plasma membrane (and proteins)?

A

regulation of nutrient and water intake, regulated secretion, protection

129
Q

What is the function of the lateral plasma membrane (and proteins)?

A

cell contact & adhesion, cell communication

130
Q

What is the function of the basal plasma membrane (and proteins)?

A

cell-substratum contact, generating ion gradients

131
Q

What is the name of the sugar coat on all cells?

A

glycocalyx

132
Q

The majority of proteoglycan is _____

133
Q

The majority of glycoprotein is _____

134
Q

Name three general classes of carbohydrates in the cell membrane

A

glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans

135
Q

Why do all cells have a glycocalyx coat (What is the function of glycocalyx)?

A

protection from acids, enzymes, etc
recognition (leukocyte) & cell adhesion
repulsion: negative charge from sialic acid sugars
embryonic development: guides embryonic cells to destination

136
Q

Cancer cells have a different _____ coat than non cancer cells

A

glycocalyx (sugar!)

137
Q

Some anti-cancer therapies target enzymes that assemble what to start an immune defense to attack the cancer cells?

A

tumour glycocalyx - the antibodies recognize and attack

138
Q

What are the primary marker for cell recognition?

A

carbohydrates

139
Q

What are selectins?

A

a group of proteins that bind to the sugar chain of a glycoprotein instead of to the protein itself

140
Q

What is the attachment for viruses, bacteria, toxins, and other cells?

A

carbohydrates

141
Q

____ recognize addressins on lymphoid organ endothelial cells

A

L-selectins

MCB1 Block 3 (15 decks)

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