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Block 5 Week 3 Dani > Sievert-Cerebellum > Flashcards

Sievert-Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

A

to detect difference in “motor error” (i.e between intended movement and actual movment)

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2
Q

The neural processing of the cerebellum is (blank)

A

dynamic

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3
Q

Patients with cerebellar damage exhibit problems with (blank, blank, and blank)

A

range, rate, direction of movement

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4
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of cerebellar damage?

A

cerebella ataxia
dysmetria
dysdiadochokinesia
tremor

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5
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

inability to perform rapid alternating movements

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6
Q

The cerebellum gets info from muscles about (blank) and sends its info (blank)

A

proprioception

ipsilaterally

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7
Q

What kind of tremor is a cerebellar tremor?

A

an intension (tension) tremor

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8
Q

What are the cerebellar peduncles and how many are there?

A

they connect the cerebellum to the brainstem

3 (superior, middle, inferior)

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9
Q

What is the inner collection of white matter within the cerebellum?

A

the deep cerebellar nuclei

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10
Q

What are the names of the three deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

fastigial nucleus
interposed nulei
dentate nucleus

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11
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum used for?

A

posture and balance

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12
Q

What is the cerebrocerebellum used for?

A

planning and organization of movement (i.e thinking about wanting to lie down and recognizing what muscles are necessary to do this)

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13
Q

The three cerebellar peduncles and the floculo-nodular lobe is known as the (blank)

A

vestibulocerebellum

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14
Q

What do you call the midline and paramedian areas of the cerebellum?

A

spinocerebellum

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15
Q

What do you call the lateral lobes of the cerebellum?

A

the cerebrocerebellum

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16
Q

Where does the cerebellum lie?

A

on top of the fourth ventricle

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17
Q

The superior peduncle is an (blank) peduncle.

A

outflow and heads towards higher centers

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18
Q

The inferior peduncle is an (blank) peduncle

A

inflow (coming mostly from spinal cord)

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19
Q

The middle peduncle is the largest peduncle and comes from (blank)

A

pontine nuclei (basilar pons)

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20
Q

What is the largest zone of the cerebellum?

A

the cerebrocerebellum

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21
Q

What receives input from the spinal cord related to spindle information and the cortex related to execution of movments for fine control of proximal and distal muscles

A

spinocerebellum

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22
Q

What recieves input from the premotor cortex and sensory association areas related to the planning of movements?

A

cerebrocerebellum

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23
Q

What receives input from the vestibular system and the visual system to control eye movements and balance?

A

vestibulocerebellum

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24
Q

Where does the spinocerebellum project to?

A

fastigial and interpositus nuclei

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25
Q

Where does the cerebrocerebellum project to?

A

dentate nucleus

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26
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellum project to?

A

vestibular nuclei

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27
Q

Where does the noduloflocular zone project?

A

the vestibular nuclei (cuz it has no deep nucleus to call its own :( )

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28
Q

How does the cerebellum project out ot the cortex? Are they excitatory or inhibitory? What does this mean for the vestibular nuclei?

A

purkinje cells
Inhibitory
it gets shut off wen the cerebellum is activated

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29
Q

Each cerebellar hemisphere has control over the (blank) side of the body.

A

same

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30
Q

So if you have a signal getting sent from the cortex to the cerebellum what needs to happen?

A

the fibers needed to cross

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31
Q

So if you have inputs from the spinal cord or vestibular nuclei the what needs to happen?

A

your fibers need to remain ipsilateral

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32
Q

Outputs from the cerebellum to the cortex must do what?

A

must cross

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33
Q

Where does the superior cerebellar peduncle come from and what does it do?

A

comes from cell bodies in deep cerebellar nuclei and crosses in midbrain on the way to the thalamus.
mostly efferent pathway
The correction pathway

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34
Q

Where does the middle cerebellar peduncle come from and what does it do?

A

arises from cell bodies in contralateral pontine gray, it is the afferent pathway that tells muscles what they are supposed to do.

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35
Q

Where does the inferior cerebellar peduncle come from and what does it do?

A 
comes from cells in the;
spinal cord, 
inferior olive,
vestibular nuclei
vestibular ganglion

efferents of this peduncl project to the vestibular nuclei and thell it what the muscles are doing.

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36
Q

What does the inferior olive do?

A

it processes information for the cerebellum

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37
Q

Brainstem and spinal cord structures are mostly projecting into the (blank)

A

cerebellum

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38
Q

Describe how information is passed through the cerebella

A

afferents from brain stem and spinal cord project to cerebellum where deep nuclei project out to the VA/VL complex .

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39
Q

What is the dominant source of inputs to the pontine nuclei?

A

cortex

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40
Q

Does the basal ganglion have direct control of lower motor neurons?

A

no

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41
Q

What is the precomputer for the cerebellum and how does it send fibers to the cerebellum?

A

inferior olive

in a crossed fashion

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42
Q

What is clarks column?

A

origin of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract which carries info about muscle length, tension, and velocity to the cerebellum from muscles below C7 (i.e C8 and below)

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43
Q

What is the accessory cuneate nucleus?

A

the upper limb equivalent for clarke’s column carrying muscle info from C7 and above to the cerebellum over the ICP

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44
Q

What are the major inputs to the cerebrocerebellum? What are these inputs concerned with?

A 
frontal and parietal lobes
motor and premotor cortex
sensory cortex
cingulate cortex
Planning of movements
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45
Q

What is the efferent pathway between the cerebellar cortex and cerebrum?

A

cerebella-> purkinje fiber (inhibitory)-> deep nuclei->decussation->opposite thalamic motor cortex -> primary motor and premotor cortex
(sends a little input on the way to the red nucleus)

46
Q

What nucleus projects to the reticular formation and back to superior olive and what does it do?

A

red nucleus

play a role in subcontrol of motor control

47
Q

How do you get out of the cerebellum?

A

via the superior cerebral peduncle

48
Q

When getting out of the cerebellar (i.e efferents) where does the superior cerebellar peduncle them?

A 
VL complex (thalamus)-> primary motor and premotor cortex
superior colliculus
49
Q

What are the three zones of the cerebellum?

A

cerebrocerebellum
spinocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum

50
Q

Where does the cereborcerebellum send its efferent fibers?

A

to the dentate nucleus-> to premotor cortex for planning

51
Q

Where does the spinocerebellum send its efferent fibers?

A

to the interposed and fastigial nuclei-> motor cortex and brainstem (motor execution)

52
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellum send its efferent fibers?

A

vestibular nuclei-> lower motor neurons in spinal cord and brainstem (balance and vestibuloocular regulation)

53
Q

Which 3 deep cerebellar nuclei go to upper motor neuron pathways?

A

dentate nucleus and interposed and fastigial nucle

54
Q

What deep cerebellar nuclei goes to lower motor neurons?

A

vestibular nuclei

55
Q

How do you go from the cortex to cerebrocerebellum? Is this crossed or uncrossed?

A

via the pontine nuclei and middle cerebral peduncle

crossed pathway

56
Q

How do you go from the olive to all parts of the cerebellum? Is this crossed or uncrossed?

A

via the Inferior cerebral peduncle and climbing fibers

crossed pathway

57
Q

Which nuclei travel to the cerebella uncrossed and how?

A

vestibular nuclei
accessory cuneate nucleus
clarks nucleus
via inferior cerebellar peduncle

**think VACUmn
V A C are Uncrossed

58
Q

Where does the spinal cord input to the cerebellar cortex come from?

A

proprioceptive fibers via clarks column which gives rise to dorsal cerebellar tract

59
Q

Ia fiber coming from the muscle spindle reports (blank) changes.

A

length

60
Q

II fiber coming from the muscle fibers (not spindle) report (blank) changes.

A

length

61
Q

Ib fibres coming from the GTO report changes in (blank)

A

tension

62
Q

If you contract your muscles, what will happen to your muscle spindles?

A

they will become flaccid and will fire less

63
Q

What do alpha motor neurons do?

A

move striated skeletal muscle and make it contract

64
Q

What do gamma motor neurons do?

A

change length of the spindle and resets the central regions of the spindle fibers

65
Q

GTO sends info where?

A

to Clarks column

66
Q

What happens if tension gets too high?

A

GTO will inhibit alpha motor neurons

67
Q

Tell me about Ia, II, Ib fibers composition

A

myelinated and large

68
Q

Explain the dorsal spinocerebellar tract

A

starts at clarks column and found between C8 and L3 in the dorsal horn and is the beginning of this pathway o the cerebellum. Muscle info enters dorsal horn-> synapses on cells in Clarke’s column whose axons ascend to the cerebellum in the ICP on the dorsal spinocerebellar tract.

69
Q

Above C8 muscle information travels to the (blank) instead of clarks

A

accesory cuneate nucleus

70
Q

To maintain laterality between muscle, cerebellum and cortex what needs to hapen?

A

you need muscle info to be ipsilateral to cerbellum and spinal cord and contralateral cortex.

71
Q

The red nucleus and inferior olive are (blank) to the cerebellum

A

contralateral

72
Q

What are the three major layers in the cerebellar cortex

A

molecular layer
purkinje cell layer
granule cell layer

73
Q

What do you find in the molecular layer?

A

prukinje cell dendritic tree with numerous parallele fiber endings

74
Q

What do you find in the purkinje cell layer?

A

large cell bodies of purkinje cells

75
Q

What do you find int he granule cell layer?

A

granule cells, mossy fibers and climbing fibers entering cortex

76
Q

So what do the basket cells connect to?

A

stellate cells

and the body of purkinje cells

77
Q

What do mossy fibers connect to?

A

granule cells

78
Q

Where do you find deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

in the white matter layer

79
Q

Where do mossy fibers originate?

A

the contralateral pontine nuclei, the ipsilateral clarke’s column, and accessory cuneat nucleus, the vestibular nuclei and ganglion

80
Q

Where do the mossy fibers go and what do they do there?

A

the cerebellar cortex where they excite granule cells.

81
Q

All mossy fibers send an (blank) collateral to the deep nuclei.

A

excitatory

82
Q

climbing fibers stimualte purkinje cells with (blank)

A

complex spike

83
Q

Any fiber not from the olive is a (blank) fiber

A

mossy fiber

84
Q

Where do climbing fibers originate?

A

in the contralateral inferior olive and reach all areas of cerebellar cortex

85
Q

Once climbing fibers reach the cerebellar cortex what do they do?

A

send an excitatory input to the prukinje cell dendrites after sending an excitatory collateral to the deep nuclei

86
Q

how do you remember what the climbing fibers do?

A

they are “social climber” and drink martinis with ‘inferior olives’

87
Q

Incoming (blank) and (blank) have an excitatory collateralto the deep nuclei/

A

mossy and climbing fibers

88
Q

The purkinje cells are inhibitory to the (Blank) and the only way out of the cortex.

A

deep nuclei

89
Q

The only way to get info out of the cerebellum is to turn the (blank ) cells off momentarily and allow the dep nclei to be driven by the mossy and climbing fibers

A

purkinje fibers

90
Q

Okay so explain how you can get information to your thalamus if purkinje fibers are activated by the very things (mossy fibers and climbing fibers) that activate the deep nuclei

A

So the mossy fibers and climbing fibers activate the deep nuclei immediately which means it takes longer for the purkinje fibers to actual inhibit the deep nucleus so you will therefore have a small passage of info :)

91
Q

All fibers projecting into the cortex are (blank), what are they?

A

excitatory

mossy fibers, climbing fibers and granule cell parallel fibers

92
Q

All cells of the (blank) except the granule cells are inhibitory. What are they?

A

cerebellar cortex

purkinje cells, stellate cells,basket cells, and golgi cells

93
Q

Te deep cerebellar nuclei (not part of the cerebellar cortex) are (blank)

A

excitatory

94
Q

The only way out of the cerebellar cortex is….?

A

purkinje cell

95
Q

What are the 3 three types of local inhibitory interneurons?

A

stellate and basket cells in the molecular layer and the golgi cells in the granule layer

96
Q

What cells are responsible for the inhibitiory loops that can turn the purkinje cells off momentarily?

A 
golgi cells (granule layer)
Stellate and basket cells (molecular layer)
97
Q

Lesions of the cerebellar hemisphere result in (blank)

A

ipsilateral incoordination/ataxia

98
Q

A lesion of the right superior cerebellar peduncle before decussation will result in motor incoordination ataxia on which side?

A

right

99
Q

A lesion of the right superior cerebellar peduncle after decussation will result in motor incoordination ataxia on which side?

A

left

100
Q

The superior peduncle and its purkinje fibers from the cerebellum to the thalamus decussate where?

A

at the red nucleus in the midbrain

101
Q

cerebellar lesions typically result in irregular uncoordinated movement called (blank)

A

ataxia

102
Q

Signs of cerebrocerebellar problems include what?

A

dysmetria (past pointing), dydiadochokineasia (inability to perform rapid alternating movements), dysarthria (speech impairment), and intention (tension) tremor

103
Q

Spinocerebellar lesions usually result in (blank) and (blank)

A

unsteady gait (balance) and eye movement abnormalities

104
Q

(blank) lesions ersult in probelms with balance and eye movements?

A

vestibulocerebellar lesions

105
Q

When the cerebellum is damaged the (blank) fails to operate correctly

A

VOR

106
Q

All output from the cerebellar cortex is carried by the axons of (blank) into the cerebellar white matter.

A

purkinje cells

107
Q

Purkinje cells are the ONLY output cell of the (blank)

A

cerebellar cortex

108
Q

What are all the deep cerebellar nuclei? Are these excitatory or inhibitory?

A

fastigial, globose, emboliform, dentate

excitatory

109
Q

Climbing fibers originate exclusively from the (blank). they ascend and provide direct excitatory input to (blank)

A

inferior olivary nucleus

purkinje cells

110
Q

Mossy fibers originate from all others sources (other than inferior olivary nucleus) and ascend to form excitatory synaptic inputs to (blank), which in turn excite the purkine cells via (blank).

A

granule cells

parallel fibers

111
Q

Cerebellar lesion deficits occur (Blank)

A

ipsilaterally

112
Q

Output axons from the dentate, globose and emboliform nuclei all cross at the decussation of the (blank)

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

Block 5 Week 3 Dani (12 decks)

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