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Block 5 Week 3 Dani > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of the striatum?

A

Caudate and putamen

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2
Q

What are the structures within the lenticular nucleus?

A

putamen

globus pallidus

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3
Q

what are the efferent nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

globus pallidus and pars reticulata of substantia nigra

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4
Q

What are the three nuclei of the basal ganglia proper?

A
  1. caudate
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus
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5
Q

Do the putamen and GP have similar functions?

A

No

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6
Q

the striatum recieves inputs from all areas of cortex except the (blank) pathways (2)

A

primary visual

primary auditory

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7
Q

The caudate follows the path of what structure?

A

lateral ventricle

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8
Q

The direct pathway (inc/dec) excitatory thalamic input to cortex?

A

INCREASES

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9
Q

The direct pathway turns (up/down) motor activity

A

UP

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10
Q

Under normal circumstances, list whether each neuron has excitatory or inhibitory actions in the direct pathway:

  1. cortex to striatum
  2. striatum to GPi
  3. GPi to VA/VL of thalamus
  4. VA/VL of thalamus to motor cortex
  5. Motor cortex to lower motor neurons
A
  1. e
  2. i
  3. i
  4. e
  5. e
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11
Q

Under normal circumstances when the cortex is sending info through the direct pathway, is the VA/VL activated or inhibited?

A

Activated

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12
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in inhibitory signaling?

A

GABA

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13
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in excitatory signaling?

A

Glutamate

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14
Q

Without pathway stimulation, is the VA/VL tonically active or inhibited?

A

Tonically inhibited; it requires the input from the cortex down the pathway to inhibit the inhibitor to allow signaling

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15
Q

the indirect pathway (inc./dec.) excitatory thalamic input to cortex

A

DECREASES

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16
Q

the indirect pathway turns (up/down) motor activity

A

turns down

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17
Q

Under normal circumstances, list whether each neuron has excitatory or inhibitory actions in the indirect pathway:

  1. cortex to striatum
  2. striatum to GPe
  3. GPe to subthalamic
  4. Subthalamic to GPi
  5. GPi to VA/VL
  6. VA/VL to motor cortex
  7. Motor cortex to LMN
A
  1. e
  2. i
  3. i
  4. e
  5. i
  6. e
  7. e
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18
Q

What are the two components of the substantia nigra?

A

pars reticulata

pars compacta

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19
Q

what neurotransmitter does the substantia nigra release? what system is it involved in
/

A

dopamine

reward

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20
Q

D1 receptors are found on the (direct/indirect) pathway

A

direct

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21
Q

D2 receptors are found on the (direct/indirect) pathway

A

indirect

22
Q

Are D1 receptors excitatory or inhibitory? what is there effect on cAMP?

A

excitatory, stimulates cAMP

23
Q

are D2 receptors excitatory or inhibitory? What is there effect on cAMP?

A

inhibitory, inhibits cAMP

24
Q

what is the overall effect of dopamine release by the sub. nigra?

A

increase motor activity

25
Q

Does the sub. nigra turn up or down the direct pathway? the indirect pathway?

A

turns UP direct

turns DOWN indirect

26
Q

Does the sub. nigra inc or dec the drive to the VA/VL of the thalamus?

A

INCREASE

27
Q

Where are the small cholinergic cells located?

A

in the striatum

28
Q

Do the cholinergic neurons act on both the direct and inhibitory paths?

A

yes!

29
Q

Do the striatal neurons turn up or turn down motor activity

A

turn down

30
Q

What is the effect of the striatal interneurons (cholinergic) on the direct pathway? on the indirect? on the VA/VL drive to the cortex?

A

turns down the direct pathway
turns up the indirect pathway
decreases drive to the cortex

31
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A 
hypokinetism
rest tremor
masked facies
rigidity (cogwheel)
retropulsion
festinating gait
shuffling gait
loss of postural reflexes
depression, anxiety, and dementia
32
Q

Parkinson’s causes a loss of cells in what nucleus, leading to low levels of what neurotransmitter?

A

Substantia nigra, dopamine

33
Q

Does Parkinson’s primarily affect the direct or indirect pathway?

A

direct

34
Q

Describe the effects of Parkinson’s on the direct pathway

A

Decreased dopamine, less stimulation from sub. nigra to striatum, which leads to less “inhibiting the inhibitor”, so the VA/VL remains tonically inactivated

35
Q

What is the effect of losing the D2 receptors in Parkinson’s?

A

Less inhibition of the indirect pathway

36
Q

Hemiballismus results from a (contra/ipsi)lateral lesion of the subthalamic nucleus?

A

contralateral

37
Q

Destruction of the subthalamic nuclei breaks the indirect pathway, thus (inc./dec.) motor activity

A

increasing

38
Q

Specifically, destruction of the subthalamic nuclei breaks the indirect chain how?

A

There are no excitatory neurons heading towards the GPi to stimulate the direct inhibitor of the VA/VL

39
Q

What are the characteristics of Huntington’s disease

A

Starts in 40s to 50s
starts as movement disorder, progresses to dementia and death
rapid jerky, dance-like motions

40
Q

Huntington’s disease is caused by the loss of what basal ganglia?

A

the striatum, specifically the ACh neurons

41
Q

What are the overall effects of HD on the direct and indirect pathways?

A

Increase the direct

decrease the indirect

42
Q

What is the mechanism that causes the increase in direct pathway and decrease in the indirect path in HD?

A

Loss of ACh cells; no ACh in pathway 1 means Dopamine is unapposed, so more action. Loss of ACh in pathway 2 means there is no inhibition.

43
Q

In lower motor neuron syndrome, explain your muscle control, tone, reflexes, and the side of the spinal cord that caused the problem

A
  1. paralysis
  2. atrophy
  3. areflexia
  4. ipsi deficit in cord
44
Q

In Upper motor neuron syndrome, explain your muscle control, tone, reflexes, and the side of the spinal cord that caused the problem

A
  1. paresis (weakness)
  2. no atrophy
  3. hyperreflexia, hypertonia and SPASTICITY
  4. CONTRA deficit above decussation; IPSI below
45
Q

In lesions of the basal ganglia, explain your muscle control, tone, reflexes, and the side of the spinal cord that caused the problem

A
  1. no paralysis
  2. no atrophy
  3. Parkinson’s: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia
    3b. Hungtington’s: chorea, hyperkinesia
  4. Contralateral
46
Q

In upper motor neuron syndrome, loss of tonic inhibition to (blank) fibers causes the spindles to have stronger contractions leading to hyperreflexia

A

gamma

47
Q

Killing upper motor neurons leads to a loss of (phasic/graduated) activity of alpha motor neurons and loss of tonic (inhibition/activation) of gamma fibers

A

phasic, inhibition

48
Q

UMN paralysis or weakness is due to the (blank) nerve fiber

A

alpha

49
Q

UMN spasticity and hyperreflexia are due to (blank) nerve fibers

A

gamma

50
Q

T/F: Parkinson’s patients have NORMAL deep tendon reflexes

A

yessiree bob!

Block 5 Week 3 Dani (12 decks)

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