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Advanced Developmental Psychology > Siegel: Memory & Cognition > Flashcards

Siegel: Memory & Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

nonverbal memory of: emotions, behaviors, perceptions and bodily sensations of lived experience

(unintentional /procedural memories: riding a bike, typing, singing familiar song)

present at birth

Amygdala

no sense of recall = (past shapes present) unconscious mental models influence present experience without our awareness

Automatic reactions

Dont need: conscious attention, hippocampus, or prefrontal cortex

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2
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Semantic (facts) & Episodic (autobiographical)

-intentionally remember things (dates, facts)
-conscious attention of self & time required to recall
-facts, verbal language, self and time
-altered over time by experiences
-creates order, locations, time to memory
-

Semantic: (general knowledge about the world)

  • “I had a birthday” (who, what, when, where) the facts
  • 1.5 yrs old
  • childhood amnesia
  • hippocampus
  • facts, concepts, names
  • short-term

Episodic: (autobiographical /specific events )

  • “I enjoyed my birthday” (How you felt & thought about events )
  • memories of lived experiences
  • 2 yrs old
  • hippocampus
  • long-term memories of specific events (yesterday, college graduation)
  • stored (encoded) by cortical processes that move memory into permanent storage
  • corpus callosum (connects hemispheres) allows coherent integration of events; sense of self across time
  • shaped by experience, continues to grow as we develop
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3
Q

What brain structures are present at birth?

A

Amygdala & Limbic = emotional memory
Basal ganglia & motor cortex = behavioral memory
Perceptual cortices = perceptual memory
somatosensory = bodily memory

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4
Q

What brain process is not present at birth but develops later?

A

Cortical Consolidation:

needed to make permanent explicit memories
dependent on REM sleep

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5
Q

What emotional state allows memories to be easily remembered?

A

moderate emotions

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6
Q

How does the brain begin to develop processing information?

A

1st year: Right hemisphere (implicit only)
-excitatory circuitry (arousal, pleasure, curious)

2nd year: Right hemisphere (implicit only)

  • inhibitory circuitry (regulate excitement, boundaries, say no)
  • child sensitivity = underdeveloped brain (parents say no: child thinks they are bad–>shame)

3rd year: both hemispheres (explicit begins)
-each hemisphere becomes specialized = emotional & mental development

4th Year: both hemispheres (explicit)

  • two hemispheres can communicate
  • growth = spur of connections
  • autobiogrpahical explicit
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7
Q

How does the left hemisphere of the brain process information?

A
  • doesnt merge with right until 3 years old
  • linear (data follow another in line)
  • logical (cause-effect)
  • language
  • syllogistic (cause-effect)
  • right vs wrong
  • explain things
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8
Q

How does the right hemisphere of the brain process info?

A
  • develops first, within 1 year
  • nonlinear, holistic
  • visual / spatial
  • autobiographical info
  • nonverbal signals
  • intense/raw emotions
  • awareness, regulation and integration of body
  • social cognition & mindsight (understanding others)
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9
Q

What type of memory is present at birth?

A

Implicit

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10
Q

What part of the brain is used in Implicit Memory and what does it do?

A

Amygdala: processing of emotions

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11
Q

How do you retrieve implicit memory?

A

reliving the experience

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12
Q

Why can’t you recall implicit memory?

A

trauma/stress experiences block
hippocampus encoding
(no associations made between past memory to current experiences)

possibly due to:
focusing attention away from trauma
stress impair prefrontal cortex (explicit processing)

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13
Q

Is implicit memory easy or hard to change? Why?

A

hard to change (accurate/stable)

due to no explicit processing = rigid mental models (lack understanding, inflexible)

mental models = generalizations of repeated experiences (biased perceptions) “how we see others & ourselves”

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14
Q

What are the 2 parts of explicit memory? At what age do they develop? what are the brain structures involved?

A

Semantic (general knowledge/facts)

  • 1.5 years
  • hippocampus

Episodic (autobiographical)

  • memories of self & time during events
  • 2 years
  • prefrontal cortex: Ex. self-awareness, regulate emotions (influences attachment-interpersonal experiences)
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15
Q

What is needed to make memories permanent?

A

Cortical consolidation

Dependent upon REM sleep stage (make sense of day activities)

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16
Q

What brain structures are intact at birth?

A

Amygdaloid and limbic = emotional memory

Basal ganglia and motor cortex = behavioral memory

Perceptual cortices = perceptual memory

Somatosensory = bodily

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17
Q

What is childhood amnesia ?

A

1.5 years - implicit memory is present but explicit is not

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18
Q

What brain functions are formed during the 1st year?

A 
Right hemisphere - implicit 
excitatory circuitry (arousal)
19
Q

What brain functions form during 2nd year ?

A 
Right hemisphere - implicit 
inhibitory circuitry (regulate excitement)
20
Q

When does the integration of both hemispheres begin? Why?

A

3 years old

Accelerated development

21
Q

What brain functions happen during 4th year?

A

2 hemispheres communicate

Connections & autobiographical

22
Q

What determines how connections are established?

A

experience and genetic info

23
Q

What is associated connections?

A

neurons that fire together at one time will tend to fire together in the future

24
Q

How does maltreatment/abuse affect the brain?

A

Impaired growth of GABA (calm excitable emotional limbic structures)

25
Q

Emotions are primarily unconscious

A

True

26
Q

Categorical emotions?

A

basic emotional states (anger, sadness, fear)

27
Q

What is mindsight?

A

ability to reflect on our own thoughts and feelings: basis of empathy

28
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Seeking proximity to a caregiver and attaining face-to-face communication with eye gaze is hard-wired into the brain from birth

29
Q

Emotions are automatic and present at birth?

A

True

30
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

mediates emotions and motivation (especially fear and anxiety)

31
Q

What is the Foundation of subjective sense of self: act, feel and imagine without recognition of the influence of past experience on our present reality?
Nonverbal

A

Implicit Memory

32
Q

Affect?

A

the way an internal emotional state is externally revealed

33
Q

Mood?

A

a bias toward certain categorical emotions across time

34
Q

How is memory established?

A

Our experiences shape our brain structures and those memories create new brain connections

35
Q

How do you turn implicit memories into explicit memories?

A

Conscious processing of implicit memories as they integrate into larger explicit autobiographical narrative

36
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?

A

autobiographical memory, self-awareness, response flexibility, mindsight, regulation of emotions.
i. *shapes attachment
Influenced by interpersonal experiences

37
Q

What affects the neocortex?

A

social, emotional and bodily processing of other areas of the brain directly shape the perceptions & reasoning of the neocortex

38
Q

What functions do the neocortex comprise of?

A

think flexibly
abstract ideas
use words to describe thoughts
reasoning

39
Q

3 phases of emotional response?

A

initial orientation
appraisal or arousal
categorical emotional expression

40
Q

Highly Sensitive characteristics

A 
anxious
fearful
focus on details 
shy
cautious
41
Q

Defiant characteristics

A 
stubborness as coping 
finicky
repetition/slow change
perfectionistic
compulsive
42
Q

Self-Absorbed characteristics

A

fantasy

apathetic

43
Q

active/aggressive characteristics

A

craving
impulsive
doer

Advanced Developmental Psychology (13 decks)

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