Attachment/Spirituality-Week 10 Flashcards
Kohlberg: Theory of Moral Development - Pre-conventional morality
Preconventional Morality (before age 7-9)
- obedience and punishment (avoid punishment)
- self interest (gain reward)
Kohlberg: Theory of Moral Development - Conventional Morality
Conventional Morality (early adolescence) - social rules are upheld for their own sake
- interpersonal accord and conformity (good image to peers)
- authority and social order maintaining (good image to authority figures)
Kohlberg: Theory of Moral Development - Post-Conventional Morality
Post-Conventional Morality (affirm ppl’s agreed-upon rights)
- social contract
- universal ethical principles
Carol Gilligan - Ethics of Care
- Women process morality different than man
- Caring and maintaining welfare of others
- Based on relationships
- Responsible to self
- Responsible for others
- Responsible to self and others
Carol Gilligan - Ethics of Care
Justice & Care
Justice: treat others fairly - personal cost/sacrifice for doing the right thing for those close
care: help those in need; put interests of those close above interests of strangers - natural capacity to care for others and ourselves
(Kolhberg - Moral Dev )
affirm people’s agreed upon rights
Post-conventional morality
(Kolhberg - Moral Dev )
avoid punishment & gain reward
pre-conventional morality ( before age 7-9)
stage 1. obedience
stage 2. self interest
(Kolhberg - Moral Dev )
early adolescence
Conventional morality: social rules upheld for own sake
- interpersonal accord and conformity (good image to peers)
- authority and social order maintaining (good image to authority figures)
Moral Dev VS Faith Dev
Moral development:
A description of ones behavior towards others, based purely on one’s level of reasoning
Religious faith:
An inspired, impassioned, affirmative response to a divine directive on human relations
James Fowler: Stages of Faith
theories applied to faith across to lifespan
Faith
○ neither religious “ generic feature of human struggle to find and maintain meaning which may or may not find religious expression”
○ relational
○ Involves sensitivity to stimuli of internal images and ability to respond to that stimuli
Stages: strengths and limitations RE: God
• Ultimate environment = God
One’s relational stance to the faith image
God
(Fowler - stages of faith)
pre-stage: undifferentiated faith
undifferentiated faith (infancy)
- pre-images of the ultimate env (GOD) begin here
- (piaget object permamence) infant develops healthy centeredness to GOD if: mother is a faithful presence (mother returns, mirrors & soothes)
(Fowler - stages of faith)
Stage 1: intuitive-projective faith
Stage 1: intuitive-projective faith (early childhood)
magical thinking; questions of what & why
Stories and parental responses: influential on lasting images of ultimate env.
- child imagination is honored
- stories of good/evil (communicates values/beliefs)
- may be found in older ppl who are regressing/psychotic
(similar to piaget - pre-operational stage)
Mythic-literal faith
Mythic-literal faith (school yrs 6-10yrs)
piaget “concrete operations”
logical/authority/tradition
conform to beliefs of community
stuck in “works of righteousness”
no need for personal relationship
neglect/abandonement = sense of beign bad
reasoning: fantasy/reality = brings order to previous fantasies
transition to stage 3 = finding discrepancies
Synthetic- conventional
Synthetic-Conventional (adolescence)
synthesize own story - no ability to critically analyze own story
alienation from others = alienation from God (relationships with others reflect personal relationship with God)
interpersonal betrayal = despair in own relationship with God
piaget “formal operations” - abstract thinking/reasoning
task: successful internalization of beliefs & practices of community
Individuative-reflective
Individuative-reflective (young adulthood)
stories critically analyzed
paradoxes/life complexities recognized
polar issues are struggled with to resolve inner tension
may become too reliant upon own critical abilities & excessive confidence (knowing everything)
goal=create rationale,workable worldview
symbols analyzed
critical self-reflection on one’s own beliefs and how they were arrive
conjunctive faith
conjunctive faith (mid-life)
polar issues no longer problems
personal faith is highly valued
committments must be lived out regardless of consequences
community = spritual fellowship with all humans
*only 1 our of every 6 over age 31
must ppl don’t reach this stage
Universalizing Faith
most mid-life
awareness that ultimate env = all beings
sacrificial lives (ghandi, mother theresa)
ver rare
2-3ppl per 1,000
Image of God (ultimate environment)
- Consciously or unconsciously held
- Has the dynamics of a relationship
- Is the most important force in the person’s life (shapes perceptions/passions)
- Changes throughout the lifespan as the result of faith development through stages
What Fowler stage: found in older people who are regressing/psychotic
stage 1 - intuitive projective (early childhood)
What Fowler stage: may become too reliant on critical abilities (knowing everything)
Stage 4 - individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood)
What Fowler stage: conformity to beliefs/practices of community
stage 2 - mythic-literal faith
school years
What Fowler stage: emphasis on living out faith/values/commitments
stage 5 Conjunctive faith (mid-life)
What Fowler stage: relationships influence image of God
stage 3 - synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence)
What Fowler stage: one’s ultimate environment includes all beings
stage 6- universalizing faith (post-mid life)
What Fowler stage: pre-images of ultimate being begin here
pre stage undifferentiated faith (infancy)
(God & Attachment - Kirkpatrick)
Is God a mother or father figure?
God = combined elements of stereotypical maternal & paternal qualities (God is neither faith figure or mother figure = exalted attachment figure)
(God & Attachment - Kirkpatrick)
parallels btwn religious belief and attachment relationships
relationship with God central to belief of many ppl
emotional bond is a form of love similar to infant-relationship
beliefs about god reflect characteristics of secure attachment figures
(God & Attachment - Kirkpatrick)
Establishing/maintaining proximity to God
God is omnipresent: always in proximity
church: go be closer to God
prayer *most impotant proximity maintanence behavior: prayer = social referencing: checking back to make sure attachment figures is still attentive and availablbe
(God & Attachment - Kirkpatrick)
God as safe haven
bowlby - 3 systems that activate attachment system: frightening events, illness, or separation
ppl most likely to turn to GOd in times of trouble
praying = important coping mechanism
(God & Attachment - Kirkpatrick)
God as secure base
attachement figure who is omnipresent = provides most secure bases
religiousness provides same as secure base: competence, control, hope confidence
(God & Attachment - Kirkpatrick)
avoidant attachment - views of God
agnosticism, atheism, God is remote & inaccesible “trust issues”
(God & Attachment - Kirkpatrick)
secure attachment - views of God
God is available and responsive (evangelical)
(God & Attachment - Kirkpatrick)
ambivalent attachment - views of God
deeply emotional, all consuming “clingy” relationship with God
God=inconsistent. speaking in tongues
(God & Attachment - Kirkpatrick)
substitute attachment figure
Ppl turn to God as sub attachment figure
severe crisis/stress
loss/unavailibility of attachment figure
insecure attachment history
attachment to God may offer the kinds of psychological benefits associated with secure interpersonal attachmet
TRUE
moral dev:
what is right = what authority says is right
preconventional morality
stage 1 - obedience/punishment
moral dev: “being a good person = helpful motives towards others”
conventional morality
stage 3-interpersonal accord
moral dev:
emphasize basic rights and democratic processes that give everyone a say
post-conventional
stage 5-social contract
moral dev
different sides to issues, one is free to pursue own interests
pre-conventional
stage 2-self interest
moral dev
define principles by which agreements will be most just
post-conventional
stage 6 - universal ethical principles
moral dev
obey to laws to maintain society as a whole
conventional morality
stage 4-authority and social order maintaining
Fowler faith:
piaget “object permanence”
eriksons “trust vs mistrust”
pre-stage: undifferentiated faith (infancy)
Fowler:
Piaget “pre-operational” stage
stories and parental responses create lasting image of GOD
Stage 1- intuitive projective faith (early childhood)
Fowler:
Piaget “formal operations”
Erikson: “identity VS role confusion”
internalization of beliefs/practices of community
stage 3-Synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence)
Fowler:
only 1 out of 6
emphasis on living out commitments
personal faith-highly valued
stage 5-conjunctive faith (mid life)
fowler:
piaget - concrete operations
conformity to beliefs/practice of community
literal-fair reciprocity
Stage 2 - Mythic-literal faith (school years)
fowler:
critical self-reflection of one’s own beliefs
(knowing everything)
stage 4 - individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood)
Preconventional Morality
children do not speak as members of society
no identification with the values of family/community
“it’s against the law”
“it’s bad to steal”
Preconventional Morality
1. obedience and punishment orientation
(child assumes powerful authorities hand down fixed set of rules that must be obeyed)
“stealing drug was ok because the druggist was unwilling to make a fair deal, he was tryin to rip the guy off”
Preconventional Morality
2. self-interest orientation
Conventional Morality
assumes the attitude expressed would be shared by the entire community - “anyone” would be right to do that
“he was only interest in himself, not another life”
“he was a good manfor wanting to save her”
Conventional Morality
3. interpersonal accord and conformity
(good motives - good image to peers)
“i understand his motives were good, but we cannot allow theft”
Conventional Morality
4. authority and social order maintaing
(obey laws, respect authority, perform duties to maintain social order)
affirm people’s agreed upon rights
Post-conventional morality
“what makes for a good society”
“he should save her life. even if he is breaking the law”
Post-conventional morality
5. social contract orientation
(morality and rights that take priority over some laws)
gilligan ethics of care
justice = interpersonal relationships and the ethics of compassion and care
(VS: rights/rules)
