Side Effects Flashcards
What steps does a drug undergo in the body?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination.
What are the top 10 things to know regarding drugs side effects and interactions?
- CYP450
- drug causes of constipation
- drug causes of confusion
- drug causes of hyperkalamia
- ## drug causes of hypokalaemia-
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What are the 8 most common CYP450 inducers?
- macrolides
- cimetidine
- ciprofloxacin
- antifungal azoles
- isoniazid
- valproate
- verapamil
- grapefruit juice
What are the 5 most common CYP450 inhibitors?
- anticonvulsants
- rifampicin
- griseofulvin
- smoking
- alcohol
What are 15 side effects of steroids?
- diabetes mellitus
- hypertension
- Cushing’s syndrome
- osteoporosis
- osteonecrosis
- cataract formation
- glaucoma
- infection
- proximal myopathy
- pancreatitis
- Addisonian crisis
- euphoria
- buffalo hump
- striae
- acne
Name as many drugs/classes that cause hepatotoxicity as possible.(12 listed here)
- pioglitazone
- amiodarone
- sulfonylureas
- ciclosporin
- sodium valproate
- methotrexate
- phenytoin
- rifampicin
- pyrazinamide
- statins
- valproic acid
- halothane
Name two drugs with a narrow therapeutic range
- phenytoin
- insulin
What are the 6 most common causes of drug-related gynaecomastia?
- cyproterone
- digoxin (steroid backbone)
- methyldopa
- spironolactone (25% develop)
- sex hormones
- amphetamine
Which drug can cause a photosensitive rash?
amiodarone
What is the treatment of someone with digoxin toxicity?
- stop drug
- pace patient
- atropine
- isoprenaline/adrenaline
- digibind
What are the side effects of amiodarone?
- thyroid dysfunction
- corneal deposits
- slate-grey appearance
- pulmonary fibrosis
- liver fibrosis
What are the classic symptoms of digoxin toxicity?
- yellow/green vision
- bradycardia
- heart block
What are the six most common drug-related causes of confusion?
- anticholinergics
- antidepressants
- benzodiazepines
- beta-blockers
- digoxin
- neuroleptics
What is a relatively unique feature of carbamazepine in regard to metabolism?
It autoinduces its own CYP450 and therefore requires a 1,2 dose escalation until an equilibrium is reached.
Phenytoin and sodium valproate toxicity can be caused by what over the counter medication, and why?
Aspirin (and NSAIDs in general) due to their high affinity for carrier protein binding leading to the displacement of drugs such as phenytoin and sodium valproate.
