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Pharmacology > CNS Pharmacology > Flashcards

CNS Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Olanzapine

A

Atypical antipsychotics, a thienobenzodiazepine used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Higher affinity for 5-HT2A (inverse agonist) serotonin receptors than D2 dopamine receptors. Multiple actions on neuroreceptors.

Adverse effects include:

  • weight gain
  • dystonic reactions
  • disruption of normal thermoregulatory systems

T1/2 = 33 hours

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2
Q

Quetiapine

A

atypical antipsychotics

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3
Q

Chlordiazepoxide

A

benzodiazepine

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4
Q

Diazepam

A

Benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, seizures, insomnia, and restless leg syndrome. Also used to cause memory loss during medical procedures.

Benzodiazapines are positive allosteric modulators of GABA type A receptors (GABAA).

Diazepam appears to act on areas of the limbic system, thalamus and hypothalamus inducing anxiolytic effects. Additionally, increases inhibitory processes in the cerebral cortex. Also, has anti-convulsant properties.

T1/2 = 20-100 hours

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5
Q

Lorazepam

A

benzodiazepine

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6
Q

Midazolam

A

benzodiazepine

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7
Q

Temazepam

A

benzodiazepine

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8
Q

Co-codamol

A

Combination of codeine phosphate and paracetamol used in the relief of mild to moderate pain.

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9
Q

Co-dydramol

A

Combination of dihydrocodeine tartate and paracetamol used to treat moderate pain.

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10
Q

Cyclizine

A

An antihistamine drug used to treat nausea, vomiting and dizziness associate with motion sickness, vertigo and post-operatively following administration of general anaesthesia and opioids.

A piperazine derivative with histamine H1-receptor antagonist activity. Precise mechanism of motion sickness treatment is not well characterised.

Adverse effects include:

  • drowsiness
  • xerostomia
  • headache
  • psychomotor impairment
  • antimuscarinic effects such as urinary retention, diplopia, dermatitis and GI disturbances

T1/2 = 20 hours

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11
Q

Domperidone

A

D2 antagonist

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12
Q

Metoclopramide

A

D2 antagonist

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13
Q

Gabapentin

A

Anticonvulsant and analgesic used to treat neuropathic pain and restless leg syndrome (diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia and central neuropathic pain).

It is a structural analogue of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.

Adverse effects include:

  • dizziness
  • fatigue
  • drowsiness
  • weight gain
  • peripheral oedema
  • sexual dysfunction

T1/2 = 5-7 hours

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14
Q

Levodopa

A

L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline (collectively known as the catecholamines).

Used clinically in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and dopamine-responsive dystonia.

Adverse reaction include:

  • hypotension
  • arrhythmias
  • nausea
  • GI bleeds
  • hair loss
  • confusion
  • extreme emotional states
  • vivid dreams and insomnia
  • auditory or visual hallucinations
  • stimulant psychosis- like condition
  • dyskinesia

T1/2 = 0.75-1.5 hours

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15
Q

Naloxone

A

Pure opioid antagonist used to counter the effects of opioid, expecially in overdose.

T1/2 = 1-1.5 hours

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16
Q

Diclofenac

A

NSAID

17
Q

Ibuprofen

A

NSAID

18
Q

Ondansetron

A

A serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antoagonist used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. Has little effect on vomiting cause by motion sickness and does not have any effect on dopamine or muscarinic receptors.

Adverse effects include:

  • constipation
  • dizziness
  • headache
  • QT prolongation

T1/2 = 5.7 hours

19
Q

Codeine

A

opioid

20
Q

Dihydrocodeine

A

opioid

21
Q

Fentanyl

A

opioid

22
Q

Morphine

A

opioid

23
Q

Oxycodone

A

opioid

24
Q

Tramadol

A

opioid

25
Q

Paracetamol

A

Widely used over the counter analgesic and antipyretic (weak anti-inflammatory activity therefore not classed as an NSAID).

Selective COX-2 inhibitor.

NAPQI is toxic metabolite.

Adverse effects include:

  • liver toxicity
  • steven-johnson syndrome
  • toxic epidermal necrolysis
  • asthma
  • overdose

T1/2 = 1-4 hours

26
Q

Phenytoin

A

A hydantoin-derivative anticonvulsant drug used primarily in the management of complex partial seizures and generalised tonic-clonic seizures.

Acts by causing voltage dependent block of voltage gated sodium channels. Also a class 1b antiarrythymic that can be used to treat abnormal heart rhythms.

CYP450 inducer.

Adverse effects include:

  • hypotension
  • abnormal heart rhythms
  • nystagmus
  • diplopia
  • sedation
  • slurred speech
  • cerebellar ataxia
  • tremor
  • megaloblastic anaemia
  • agranulocytosis
  • aplastic anaemia
  • teratogenic
  • gingival enlargement
  • hypertrichosis
  • stevens-johnson syndrome
  • pruritis
  • hirsutism
  • coarsening of facial features

T1/2 = 6-24 hours

27
Q

Sodium valproate

A

An anticonvulsant and mood stabilising drug used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine.

Blockage of voltage gated sodium channels and increased levels of GABA. Mechanism unclear.

T1/2 = 9-16 hours

28
Q

Citalopram

A

SSRI

29
Q

Fluoxetine

A

SSRI

30
Q

Sertraline

A

SSRI

31
Q

Amitriptyline

A

tricyclic antidepressant

Pharmacology (16 decks)

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