Shoulder region and Arm Flashcards
What kind of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Ball and socket, synovial joint
How is the glenoid cavity deepened?
Glenoid labrum
What is the glenoid labrum?
Rim of fibrocartilage attached to margins of glenoid fossa
Where are the openings in the capsule located?
Between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus and the long tendon of biceps brachii
Anteriorly to allow for communication between synovial cavity and subscapular bursa
What ligaments strength the capsule of the shoulder joint?
Glenohumeral ligaments
Transverse humeral ligament
Coracohumeral ligament
What bursa does not communicate with the joint cavity of the glenohumeral joint?
Subacromial bursa - between acromion and deltoid and supraspinatus tendon
What is the function of the subdeltoid bursa?
Allows friction-free movement of the supraspinatus tendon under the acromion and of the deltoid
When can inflammation of the subacromial bursa occur?
Patients who have injured the shoulder or supraspinatus tendon
What provides stability to the glenohumeral joint?
Rotator cuff muscles
Coraco-acromial arch - coracoid process, acromion and coraco-acromial ligament
What is rotator cuff syndrome?
Usually supraspinatus involved
Repetitive injury may occur in sports and can result in inflammation of supraspinous tendon and subacromial bursa
Abduction is painful
What accompanies the axillary nerve as it leaves the axilla?
Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Where does the axillary nerve pass through?
Quadrangular space
When can the axillary nerve be damaged?
Inferior dislocation of head of humerus or fracture of surgical neck of humerus
If the axillary nerve is damaged, where would there be a sensory deficit?
Badge area of skin over deltoid
What is quadrangular space syndrome?
Enlargement of muscles forming the quadrangular space compresses the axillary nerve
Results in weakness of teres minor and deltoid
List the boundaries of the cubital fossa.
Superior - Imaginary line connecting epicondyles
Lateral - brachioradialis
Medial - pronator teres
Floor - brachialis and supinator
Roof - deep fascia, biciptal aponeurosis, subcutaneous tissue, skin
What does the bicipital aponeurosis separate?
The median cubital vein from the median nerve and the brachial artery
What is compartment syndrome?
If pressure builds up in a compartment there is compression which causes ischaemia and damages muscles
How do we manage acute compartment syndrome?
Immediate surgery to cut the deep fascia, relieving pressure within the compartment
What is the reflex of the bicep tendon testing?
C6
What is the reflex of the triceps tendon testing?
C7
What does the musculocutaneous nerve continue as after emerging on the lateral aspect of the biceps tendon?
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
Where is the ulnar nerve liable to compression injury?
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
Where does the radial nerve lie in the arm?
Spiral groove
Where is the radial nerve liable to injury in the arm?
Fractures of the shaft of the humerus as it passes along the spiral groove
What is the sensory branch of the radial nerve called?
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm
What accompanies the radial nerve in the spiral groove?
Profunda brachii artery
When does the brachial artery divide?
Apex of cubital fossa
What demographic is more liable to a supracondylar fracture of the humerus
Children
What can happen to the forearm muscles in a supracondylar fracture?
Ischaemia - ischaemic contracture
What is ischaemic contracture?
Uncontrolled flexion of the hand
Where does the dorsal venous arch drain to?
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Where does the cephalic vein enter?
Deltopectoral groove
Where can the cephalic vein be used for venous access?
Just proximal to the wrist
What forms the axillary vein?
Basilic vein and brachial vein
