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FM1010 Anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four adjectives relating to the directions of an embryo?

A

Ventral
Dorsal
Caudal
Cranial

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2
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

Fertilisation to end of week 8

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3
Q

What is the foetal period?

A

Week 9 to birth

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4
Q

What is ectopic implantation?

A

Implantation of the foetus outside of the uterus

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5
Q

What are the two versions of the embryo in week 1?

A

Morula
Blastocyst

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6
Q

What are the two layers of the bilaminar embryonic disc?

A

Epiblast
Hypoblast

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7
Q

What forms from the epiblast?

A

Amnion

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8
Q

What forms from the hypoblast?

A

Umbilical vesicle - yolk sac

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9
Q

What usually happens when there are developmental anomalies within the first 2 weeks of development?

A

Spontaneous abortion

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10
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of 3 definitive germ layers

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11
Q

What is teratology?

A

Study pf developmental anomalies, birth defects and their causes

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12
Q

What are the four problems that may occur during development?

A

Malformation
Deformation
Dysplasia
Disruption

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13
Q

What is a malformation?

A

Morphologic defect of an organ or larger body region

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14
Q

What may a malformation result in?

A

Anomalies in cell differentiation, migration, proliferation and death

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15
Q

What are some examples of malformations?

A

Congenital heart defect
Hemivertebrae

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16
Q

What is a deformation?

A

Abnormal shape or position of a body resulting from mechanical forces

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17
Q

What system is usually involved in a deformation?

A

Musculoskeletal system

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18
Q

What is a disruption?

A

Morphological defect of an organ or a larger body region resulting from external breakdown or interference with the normal developmental process

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19
Q

What is a dysplasia?

A

Abnormal organisation of cells in tissues and its morphological results

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20
Q

What are the four possible patterns of defects?

A

Sequence
Syndrome
Field defect
Association

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21
Q

What is a sequence?

A

Cascade of defects arising from a single known or presumed structural defect or mechanical factor

22
Q

Name two sequences.

A

Pierre robin sequence
Potter sequence

23
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

Multiple defects that occur together in a predictable way

24
Q

What is a field defect?

A

Multiple anomalies in the same developmental region

25
Q

What is an association?

A

Non-random, pathogenically unrelated, multiple defects

26
Q

When is an association diagnosed?

A

If it doesn’t fit under the umbrellas of field defect, syndrome or sequence

27
Q

What are the two layers that the trophoblast proliferates into?

A

Cytotrophoblast - faces inward toward uterine cavity
Synctiotrophoblast - Digests the uterine matrix

28
Q

What are the three parts of the trophoblast?

A

Cytotrophoblast - White circles
Synctiotrophoblast - outermost, green
Trophoblastic lacuna - red part

29
Q

What are the name of the two embryonic cavities?

A

Amniotic cavity
Yolk sac cavity

30
Q

What is the name of the cavity in the centre of the embryo?

A

Chorionic cavity

31
Q

What are congenital defects?

A

Depending on mutations, teratogen, exposure, timing, a number of anomalies

32
Q

What are the 4 congenital defects?

A

Reduction defects
Duplication defects
Dysplasia
Defomations

33
Q

What term is used for the absence of hands?

A

Acheiria

34
Q

What term is used for the absence of feet?

A

Apodia

35
Q

What term is used for the absence of both hands and feet?

A

Acheriopodia

36
Q

What term is used for the absence of all the digits on a limb?

A

Adactyly

37
Q

What term is used for the complete absence of one or more limbs?

A

Amelia
Ectromelia

38
Q

What term is used for elongated digits?

A

Arachnodactyly

39
Q

What term is used for shortened digits?

A

Brachydactyly

40
Q

What term is used for flexion contracture of a finger (often fourth or fifth), which cannot be fully extended?

A

Camptodactyly

41
Q

What term is used for the curving of the fifth finger toward the fourth?

A

Clinodactyly

42
Q

What term is used for the absence of the pre or postaxial structure of a limb?

A

Hemimelia

43
Q

What term is used for the absence of a limb?

A

Meromelia

44
Q

What term is used for the absence of any number of fingers or toes?

A

Oligodactyly

45
Q

What term is used for the absence of proximal limb structures?

A

Phocomelia

46
Q

What term is used for the presence of extra digits or parts of digits?

A

Polydactyly

47
Q

What term is used for the absence of the central components of the hand or foot?

A

Slit hand or foot

48
Q

What term is used for the fusion of digits?

A

Syndactyly

49
Q

What term is used for the fusion of bones and intervening soft tissue?

A

Synostosis

50
Q

What term is used for a thumb with 3 rather than 2 phalanges?

A

Triphalangeal thumb

FM1010 Anatomy (6 decks)

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