short + working memory Flashcards
inputs go into 4 info-processing components. what are they?
sensory register (SR)
short-term memory
and
working memory
long-term memory
where does information loss occur?
all stages
what are the 4 cognitive processes that link the inofrmation-processing components together?
attention
perception
encoding
retrieval
attention and perception is to process inputs from ____ to _____.
sensory register (SR) to STM/working mem
STM ____ into LTM
encodes
LTM goes through ____ to become working mem.
retrieval
which stage of the 4 info-processing components is response/output possible?
working memory
which stage of the 4 info-processing components is info loss possible?
information loss is possible at every stage
memory duration ranges from ms to years.
____ stores become ___ then ___.
perceptual; STM; LTM
Results of sperling’s experiment:
decrease in performance is due to what?
rapid decay of iconic memory (sensory memory in modal model)
perceptual aka ____ stores
sensory
buffers serves as a temporary “holding area” for ________, allowing us to ______ and ________ to it before it either fades away or moves to further stages of memory.
sensory inputs; process; respond
separate _________ stores correspond to different _______ modalities (e.g., sight, sound, touch), whcih has its own temporary _______ system.
perrceptual; sensory; storage
Each sensory modality has its own temporary storage system. the 3 main types are:
Echoic Buffer: Stores auditory information (sounds).
Iconic Buffer: Stores visual information (images).
Haptic Buffer: Stores tactile (touch) information.
what are 4 properties of perceptual stores?
- modality specific
- large capacity
- fast degradation
- limited amount of info transferred to other memory stores for further processing
when someone does mental sums while remembering a phone number, memory can be lost through _______.
masking
visual sensory memory aka
iconic memory
what are trail of sparkler and frames in a film examples of? define it.
visual persistence: apparent persistence of visual stimulus beyong physical duration
STM has smaller or larger capacities than perceptual stores?
smaller (only 5-8 items)
STM includes:
1.
2.
- new info received from sensory stores
- info recalled from LTM
does STM have slower or faster rate of decay than perceptual stores?
slower
in STM, __________ can prevent degradation of memory.
rehearsal
is rehearsal conscious or unconscious control?
conscious
what cognitive process is involved whe info gets into STM from stimuli?
attention
what is brown-peterson task?
measures STM duration
read 3 letters, then a number (eg. fsl190)
count backwards by 3s (190, 187, 184, …)
after set time, recall 3 letters
which task measures STM duration?
brown-peterson task
what is the results of brown-peterson task?
after 3s of counting backwards, ___% correct
after 18s of counting backwards, ___% correct
in brown-peterson task, reduction in performance is explained by existence of _____, which is vanishing of a memory trace due to what?
memory decay - vanishing of memory trace due to:
- passage of time
- exposure to competing stimuli
proactive and retroactive interference are under ____ memory
short-term
proactive vs retroactive interference
proactive interference - previous info stored in LTM interfere with learning new info
retroactive interference - new info interferes with remmebering old info stored in LTM
when using non-letter stimuli (numbers), _______ interference vanishes and info can hold on for ___ to ___seconds in ____ memory.
proactive; 15-20; short-term
baddeley and hitch’s working memory experiment contains __ modality-specific components. what are they?
2
phonological loop (auditory info)
visuo-spatial sketchpad
which memory is the central executive component for manipulating items in memory and coordinating verbal asn visual info?
working mem
what is articulatory rehearsal for?
- refresh items in phonological store before decay
- transfer visual info into phonological store
what 2 effects are evidence that phonological store does not contain semantic representation?
word length effect (no. of syllables)
phonological similarity effect (dissimilar words easier to rmb)
define articulatory surpression
try to hold and rehearse information in working memory while simultaneously engaging in another task that interferes with your ability to rehearse verbally
eg. repeat the the the while trying to remember phone number
what are 3 consequences of articulatory surpression?
- reduces memory span
- eliminates word-length effect
- reduces phonological similarity effect
performance on simultaneous tasks in the same modality is ___ than performance on a single task ot tasks in different modalities
lower
what does central executive in memory do?
manipulate info in visual +auditory components
compare STM and LTM
attention controller (focus, divide, switch)
surpression of irrelevant info
damage to ____ lobes of cortex can cause impairments to central executive
frontal
damage to frontal lobes of cortex cause impairments to ________
central executive
what is dysexecutive syndrome?
inability to plan
inability to ctrl short-term impulses
perseveration - repeatedly performing same action/thought even if it is not achieving the goal
perserveration is a symptom of _______
dysexecutive syndrome
3 problems of baddeley and hitch model
underspecification
individual diff in mem capacity
link to activated LTM
what are 3 recent developments in working memory?
- addition of 2 components
- activated LTM
- episodic buffer - fractionating central executive
- explanation of indi diff
what is episodic buffer
additional storage buffer
- combine multimodal info
- make new connections btwn items in LTM
- keep track of chunks
- prospective memory: for planned actions
- resource for processing and storage needed by central executive
episodic memory may be located in the ____ lobes
frontal
evaluation of working memory model
more complex tasks than standard model
data from brain-damaged patients
account of episodic buffer lacks detail
how to fractionate central exec into subcomponents?
- switching
- inhibition
- refreshing
