attention Flashcards
4 types of attention
selective
- focusing on one thing while ignoring distractions
divided
- pay attention to multiple things at the same time
attentional capture
- something automatically grabs your attention, usually something unexpected or dramatic
distraction
- something pulls your attention away from your intended task
cocktail party effect
ability to focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment (like a party), even though there are many other conversations going on
dichotic listening task is to demonstrate how ____ attention works.
selective
in a dichotic listening task, which of the 4 below would be detected/not detected by attended ear?
content
change in gender
change in tone
words used
all 4 can be detected
content
change in gender
change in tone
words used
in a dichotic listening task, which of the 4 below would be detected/not detected by unattended ear?
content
change in gender
change in tone
words used
detected:
change in gender
change in tone
not detected:
words used
content
as an alternative to the filter theory (which suggested we completely block out unattended information), ___________ is a well-known theory of selective attention.
Treisman’s Attenuation Model
key points of Treisman’s Attenuation Model:
1.
2.
- early detection - doesn’t block, just reduces priority
- thresholds - certain stimuli like your name or impt things, threshold for detection can be lower, so you might still notice it
Mackay’s late selection model predicts that in selective attention, we _____ after all info gets _____.
select; processed fully
does data favor mackay’s late selection theory or treismans’ attentuation theory?
treismans’ attentuation theory
attenuation predicts ______ performance for attended than unattended while late selection predicts _____ performance for both.
better; equal
what is the theory that supports why we attenuate instead of processing everything fully?
Attentional Load Theory
- amount of attention we can devote to different tasks is influenced by the cognitive load of the primary task at hand
perceptual/attentional load depends on _____ of given task.
difficulty
what is one task that demonstrates attentional/perceptual load?
stroop
flanker
overt vs covert attention
Overt attention involves visible movements (like shifting your eyes).
Covert attention doesn’t involve any movements, but your brain is still focusing on something. (overhearing gossip)
gaze and eyetracking is used to measure which attention? covert or overt?
overt
- involves visible movements (like shifting your eyes)
gaze and eyetracking is recorded by _____ reflection.
corneal
fixations vs saccades in eye tracking
Fixations (where? when?)
- eyes remain still
- focus on a particular object or area
- visual processing happens
Saccades (how fast?)
- quick, jerky eye movements that occur between fixations
- shift your gaze from one area of focus to another
state 3 bottom-up determinants that drives eye movements or overt attention.
salience - details that attract attn
- motion
- color
- visual detail
- texture
- faces (highly salient)
state 3 top-down determinants that drives eye movements or overt attention.
scene schema
task requirements (identification, emotion recognition, gender discrimination)
posner’s spatial cueing is for measuring covert or overt attention?
covert
posner’s spatial cueing has 3 kinds of cues. what are they?
invalid - slower RT
valid - faster RT
neutral
key features of exogenous attention
Automatic and Involuntary
Stimulus-Driven
Influenced by Salience
is exogenous top-down or bottom-up?
bottom-up
examples of exogenous attn
A flash of light in your peripheral vision.
A loud sound in a quiet room.
A moving object in a still scene.
define exogenous attn
reflective allocation of attention
what is inattentional blindness
people fail to notice an UNEXPECTED stimulus (even if its obvious/salient) in their visual field because their attention is focused on something else
which 2 types of attn cause inattentional blindness
exogenous n selective
what is change blindness
people fail to notice significant CHANGES in their visual environment, even when those changes are obvious and occur in plain sight
change blindness vs inattentional blindness
Inattentional Blindness: Happens when UNEXPECTED STIMULI are completely missed, even though they are visible.
Change Blindness: Happens when a CHANGE IN FAMILIAR SCENE is missed, even though the scene is directly visible.
in change blindness, a ___________ is sufficient to mask visible difference.
saccade
Treisman proposed the __________ _______ theory whereby for object to become perception, they have to go through the _________ stage before the _________ stage.
FIT: feature integration theory
preattentive; focused attention
in FIT by Treisman, what are the 2 stages between obejct to perception? what does each one do?
FIT: feature integration theory
- preattentive stage
- analyses object into features
- effortless, automatic (implicit)
- features unbound - focused attention stage
- combine features
- influenced by knowledge
- effortful
binding features into objects happen at the early or late stage of processing?
which task shows this?
late
visual search task
- parallel (feature) vs serial (conjunctive) processing
illusory conjunctions is possible at which stage of FIT?
preattentive stage
**FIT - Feature integration theory by Treisman
people with Balient’s syndrome cannot do what?
combine features into perception (or coherent object)
what are illusory conjunctions?
Illusory conjunctions are when features from different objects (e.g., color, shape) are incorrectly combined
occurs in preattentive stage of FIT
dorsal vs ventral attention network
dorsal attn network
- top of the brain
- top-down processing
- goals
- voluntary
- focus and maintain attention on a specific task
ventral attn network:
- bottom of brain
- bottom-up processing
- salience
- involuntary
- reorient attention quickly to things that demand your attention, like sudden noises or movements
