shoot anatomy, morphology and function Flashcards
What is 2 common features that are found in roots and in stems
vascular tissue and cortex
what 2 things does a cortex do
food storage and makes up the body of organs
what waxy layer is present on the outermost part of the plant?
cuticle
produces primary xylem and primary phloem
procambium
what produces the procambium
apical meristem
What 3 transitional meristems are produced by the apical meristem
procambium, protoderm and ground meristem
What three transitional meristems contribute to primary growth?
Procambium, protoderm and ground meristem
What type of growth does the apical meristem produce using the procambium, protoderm and ground meristem?
primary growth
what is produced by the procambium?
xylem and phloem
transport tissue that moves water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
xylem
What are the two transport cells of xylem for water and minerals.
tracheid’s and vessels
what two cells are hollow and dead and maturity
tracheid’s and vessel elements
Part of the xylem, are larger, lack end walls and form a continuous pipeline for transport
Vessel elements
Part of the xylem, are elongated with tapered end
Tracheid’s
Also consists of fibers and parenchyma cell
xylem
Part of the xylem that helps with transportation of water and minerals “” are larger and “” are smaller
Vessels, tracheid’s
What are two things that are common between tracheid’s and vessel elements?
dead at maturity and have secondary cell walls
allow the flow of water and nutrients from one vessel or tracheid to another easily.
pit pairs
”” in secondary cell wall regions where no secondary cell wall is formed (only the middle lamella and primary cell walls)
pit pairs
where only the middle lamella and primary cell walls are present, this is called the “”
pit membrane
A membrane in the pit pairs that allows water to flow freely
pit membrane
what two pits can vessel elements and tracheid’s have
boarded pit pairs and pit pairs
When pressure is unequal in adjacent vascular elements (when one contains an air bubble) the “” is drawn toward the element with the lower pressure (sealing off the pit)
torus
In boarded pit pairs, what helps protect the tracheid or vessel element from an air bubble?
torus
Water moves between adjacent “” either vertically or laterally through pit pairs
tracheid’s
how does water move in tracheid’s
vertically or laterally
what type of pit does water move through in tracheid’s
pit pairs
water moves “” through open ends of vessel elements and “” through pit pairs
vertically, laterally
”” have both vessel elements and tracheid’s to move water through the plant
angiosperms
”” only have tracheid’s
gymnosperms
””, the pulling of water up through the xylem of a plant which uses energy of evaporation. This is an important force for transport of water from the roots, through the xylem and into the leaves.
transpiration
”” transport tissue that conducts organic nutrients from leaves to the roots. (From source tissue to sink tissue)
Phloem
”” consists of sieve tube cells and their associated companion cells
Phloem
”” contain cytoplasm but no nuclei. The ends of these cells form a plate with holes to resemble a sieve.
sieve tube cells
”” smaller and closely connected to the sieve-tube-cells, as the nucleus of the companion cells controls and maintains both cells.
companion cells
”” consists of parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells.
phloem
”” living at maturity and must be metabolically active to function as a transport tissue.
phloem
True/False Transpiration is a one way flow of water in the xylem
True
”” sap can be transported in any direction so long as there is a source of sugar and a sink able to use, store or remove the sugar
Phloem
tissue that has the sugars
Source tissue
tissue that needs the sugars
Sink tissue
leaves are an example of a “” tissue
source tissue
roots, young shoots and developing seeds are a “” tissue. This type of tissue is normally active growth (such as in the apical and lateral meristems)
sink tissue
from the leaves to the roots (Source to sink) is “” transport
Phloem
”” and “” tissue may be reversed depending on the season or the plants needs. For example, sugar stored in the roots maybe mobilized to become a source of food in the early spring when the buds of trees (the sink at the time) need energy for growth and development of the photosynthetic apparatus.
Source and sink
stem modifications that are “” ground: stolons, tendrils, thorns and crowns
above ground
stem modifications that are “” ground: rhizomes, bulbs, bulbs, tubers and corms
below ground
examples of above ground stolons
strawberry, white clover
above ground tendrils
grapes
below ground rhizomes
ginger, lily of the valley
below ground bulbs
onion and tulip
