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Plant Science 221 > Leaves > Flashcards

Leaves Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main functions of leaves?

A

photosynthesis to create food and to maintain the water balance for the plant through transpiration

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2
Q

What chemical signal will trigger cell division at the apical meristem to form leaves?

A

auxin

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3
Q

Auxin will trigger cell division at the apical meristem, which will form

A

leaf primordium.

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4
Q

groups of cells that will form new leaves

A

leaf primordia

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5
Q

the location of leaf primordia is called

A

phyllotaxy

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6
Q

Cell division and expansion of the “” and “” in this area will produce a vascular strand which will eventually become the midvein and the epidermis.

A

procambium and protoderm

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7
Q

A layer of cells called the “” covers the entire surface of the leaf and is continuous with the “” of the stem

A

epidermis

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8
Q

the epidermis is covered with a “” layer

A

cuticle

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9
Q

openings in the epidermis are called “” and are borded by 2 gaurded cells which do contain chloroplasts

A

stomata

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10
Q

openings in the epidermis are called stomata and are borded by 2 “” which do contain chloroplasts

A

gaurd cells

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11
Q

”” regulate the opening and closing of the stomata, allowing the gasses necessary for photosynthesis to move into and out of the leaf

A

gaurd cells

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12
Q

water vapor also moves out of the leaf through the stomata by “”

A

transpiration

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13
Q

”” cools the leaf surface by evaporation and also helps pull water through the plant.

A

transpiration

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14
Q

Although transpiration, gas exchange for photosynthesis and respiration are vital to the plant, the plant must have the ability to close the gaurd cells to reduce water loss during times of stress (True/False)

A

true

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15
Q

the lower epidermis usually contains numerous “”, each formed by a pair of guard cells that regulate both evaporation of water vapor from the leaf and gas exchange between the interior and atmosphere.

A

stomata

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16
Q

”” do not contain chloroplasts

A

epidermal cells

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17
Q

what is the epidermis of a leaf covered with?

A

cuticle

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18
Q

high “” triggers leaf primordium

A

auxin

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19
Q

”” regulate the opening and closing of the stomata, allow the gasses necessary for photosynthesis to move into and out of the leaf

A

guard cells

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20
Q

”” cells will undergo cell division to thicken the leaf and to form the blade and petiole

A

meristematic cells

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21
Q

Gaurd cells will open and close in response to “”.

A

pressure changes

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22
Q

Gaurd cells open and close in response to environmentally induced pressure changes. The movement of “” and “” in response to light intensity, CO2 concentration or water concentration triggers pressure changes

A

potassium and water

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23
Q

What triggers pressure changes for the stomata to open and close?

A

movement of potassium and water

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24
Q

As potassium ions move, water follows by osmosis causing a change in “” in the guard cells.

A

cell shape

25
Q

In the plasma membrane of guard cells there is a “”. The “” transfers protons out of the guard cells, which allows potassium to flow in and allows the stomata to open.

A

H+ pump

26
Q

”” causes stomata to close by stopping to proton pump. By doing this, “” shuts off K+ from coming into the the guard cells, potassium and water flows out which causes the stomata to close

A

aba (abscisic acid)

27
Q

Covering the surface of both the upper and lower epidermis is a waxy cuticle, which is only interrupted by the “”.

A

stomata

28
Q

the “” varies in thickness that prevents gas exchange and excessive transpiration.

A

cuticle

29
Q

what is the internal structure of the leaf composed of?

A

mesophyll, intercellular spaces, vascular tissue

30
Q

this hormone will turn off the proton pump in response to a plant wilting.

A

ABA

31
Q

In dicots, the “” has 2 regions and are not distinguishable in monocots.

A

mesophyll tissue

32
Q

upper region of elongated cells, vertically arranged in 1-2 compact layers. contains 80% of chloroplasts.

A

palisade layer

33
Q

lower region of irregular shaped cells loosley arranged. contained fewer layers. this is part of the mesophyll.

A

spongy layer

34
Q

”” are abundant in the spongy mesophyll layer as a result of the loosley packed arrangement of cells.

A

intercellular spaces

35
Q

a large number of air spaces in the leaf “” the surface area available for gas exchange

A

increases

36
Q

leaf veins consist of a strand of “” and “”.

A

xylem and phloem

37
Q

vascular tissue that transports from roots to leaves

A

xylem

38
Q

vascular tissue that transports from leaves to roots, always source to sink

A

phloem

39
Q

the vascular strand is surrounded by a “”, which functions in loading sugars into the phloem and unloading water from the xylem.

A

bundle sheath

40
Q

”” are twice as efficient as “” plants in terms of fixing carbon (making sugar).

A

C4, C3

41
Q

”” is useful for distinguishing between C3 and C4 plants.

A

bundle sheath

42
Q

bundle sheath cells are “” with the mesophyll cells that are “” in a radial arrangement around the bundle sheath.

A

large, tightly packed

43
Q

”” carbon fixation is less common in dicots than in monocots

A

C4

44
Q

”” have only one type of mesophyll cell.

A

monocots

45
Q

”” have two types of mesophyll cells.

A

dicot

46
Q

”” lack a prominent bundle sheath.

A

C3

47
Q

”” fixation occurs in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells.

A

CO2

48
Q

”” only use rubisco to fix CO2

A

C3

49
Q

for carbon dioxide fixation In C4 plants, first “” fixes CO2 in cytosol of the mesophyll cells into C4 cpd (C3 + CO2 = C4)

A

PEP carboxylase

50
Q

for carbon dioxide fixation in C4 plants, the second step is for C4 cpd from mesophyll cells is transported to bundle sheaths, where it is convered back to C3 cpd + CO2 and “” fixes CO2 + C5 to C6 in calvin cycle to make sugars in bundle sheaths.

A

rubisco

51
Q

In C3 plants, they only use RuBP carboxylaase which can fix “” and “”.

A

carbon and oxygen

52
Q

Carbon fixation occurs in the chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells (True/false)

A

true

53
Q

where does co2 fixation take place in the chloroplasts?

A

stroma

54
Q

when CO2 concentration gets low, oxygen starts competing for the binding site in rubisco and you end up with “” sugar.

A

5 carbon sugar

55
Q

when CO2 concentration is high, rubisco will fix carbon into a “” sugar.

A

6 carbon sugar

56
Q

A salvage pathway to allow C3 plants to survive under hot and dry conditions. it will use oxygen versus CO2.

A

photorespiration

57
Q

”” absorb and store CO2 at night when the stomata are open and will keep the stomata close during the day.

A

CAM photosynthesis

58
Q

similar to C4 photosynthesis.

A

CAM photosynthesis

Plant Science 221 (9 decks)

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