Leaves

Question 1

What are the main functions of leaves?

Answer 1

photosynthesis to create food and to maintain the water balance for the plant through transpiration

Question 2

What chemical signal will trigger cell division at the apical meristem to form leaves?

Answer 2

auxin

Question 3

Auxin will trigger cell division at the apical meristem, which will form

Answer 3

leaf primordium.

Question 4

groups of cells that will form new leaves

Answer 4

leaf primordia

Question 5

the location of leaf primordia is called

Answer 5

phyllotaxy

Question 6

Cell division and expansion of the “” and “” in this area will produce a vascular strand which will eventually become the midvein and the epidermis.

Answer 6

procambium and protoderm

Question 7

A layer of cells called the “” covers the entire surface of the leaf and is continuous with the “” of the stem

Answer 7

epidermis

Question 8

the epidermis is covered with a “” layer

Answer 8

cuticle

Question 9

openings in the epidermis are called “” and are borded by 2 gaurded cells which do contain chloroplasts

Answer 9

stomata

Question 10

openings in the epidermis are called stomata and are borded by 2 “” which do contain chloroplasts

Answer 10

gaurd cells

Question 11

”” regulate the opening and closing of the stomata, allowing the gasses necessary for photosynthesis to move into and out of the leaf

Answer 11

gaurd cells

Question 12

water vapor also moves out of the leaf through the stomata by “”

Answer 12

transpiration

Question 13

”” cools the leaf surface by evaporation and also helps pull water through the plant.

Answer 13

transpiration

Question 14

Although transpiration, gas exchange for photosynthesis and respiration are vital to the plant, the plant must have the ability to close the gaurd cells to reduce water loss during times of stress (True/False)

Answer 14

true

Question 15

the lower epidermis usually contains numerous “”, each formed by a pair of guard cells that regulate both evaporation of water vapor from the leaf and gas exchange between the interior and atmosphere.

Answer 15

stomata

Question 16

”” do not contain chloroplasts

Answer 16

epidermal cells

Question 17

what is the epidermis of a leaf covered with?

Answer 17

cuticle

Question 18

high “” triggers leaf primordium

Answer 18

auxin

Question 19

”” regulate the opening and closing of the stomata, allow the gasses necessary for photosynthesis to move into and out of the leaf

Answer 19

guard cells

Question 20

”” cells will undergo cell division to thicken the leaf and to form the blade and petiole

Answer 20

meristematic cells

Question 21

Gaurd cells will open and close in response to “”.

Answer 21

pressure changes

Question 22

Gaurd cells open and close in response to environmentally induced pressure changes. The movement of “” and “” in response to light intensity, CO2 concentration or water concentration triggers pressure changes

Answer 22

potassium and water

Question 23

What triggers pressure changes for the stomata to open and close?

Answer 23

movement of potassium and water

Question 24

As potassium ions move, water follows by osmosis causing a change in “” in the guard cells.

Answer 24

cell shape

Question 25

In the plasma membrane of guard cells there is a "". The "" transfers protons out of the guard cells, which allows potassium to flow in and allows the stomata to open.

Answer 25

H+ pump

Question 26

"" causes stomata to close by stopping to proton pump. By doing this, "" shuts off K+ from coming into the the guard cells, potassium and water flows out which causes the stomata to close

Answer 26

aba (abscisic acid)

Question 27

Covering the surface of both the upper and lower epidermis is a waxy cuticle, which is only interrupted by the "".

Answer 27

stomata

Question 28

the "" varies in thickness that prevents gas exchange and excessive transpiration.

Answer 28

cuticle

Question 29

what is the internal structure of the leaf composed of?

Answer 29

mesophyll, intercellular spaces, vascular tissue

Question 30

this hormone will turn off the proton pump in response to a plant wilting.

Answer 30

ABA

Question 31

In dicots, the "" has 2 regions and are not distinguishable in monocots.

Answer 31

mesophyll tissue

Question 32

upper region of elongated cells, vertically arranged in 1-2 compact layers. contains 80% of chloroplasts.

Answer 32

palisade layer

Question 33

lower region of irregular shaped cells loosley arranged. contained fewer layers. this is part of the mesophyll.

Answer 33

spongy layer

Question 34

"" are abundant in the spongy mesophyll layer as a result of the loosley packed arrangement of cells.

Answer 34

intercellular spaces

Question 35

a large number of air spaces in the leaf "" the surface area available for gas exchange

Answer 35

increases

Question 36

leaf veins consist of a strand of "" and "".

Answer 36

xylem and phloem

Question 37

vascular tissue that transports from roots to leaves

Answer 37

xylem

Question 38

vascular tissue that transports from leaves to roots, always source to sink

Answer 38

phloem

Question 39

the vascular strand is surrounded by a "", which functions in loading sugars into the phloem and unloading water from the xylem.

Answer 39

bundle sheath

Question 40

"" are twice as efficient as "" plants in terms of fixing carbon (making sugar).

Answer 40

C4, C3

Question 41

"" is useful for distinguishing between C3 and C4 plants.

Answer 41

bundle sheath

Question 42

bundle sheath cells are "" with the mesophyll cells that are "" in a radial arrangement around the bundle sheath.

Answer 42

large, tightly packed

Question 43

"" carbon fixation is less common in dicots than in monocots

Answer 43

C4

Question 44

"" have only one type of mesophyll cell.

Answer 44

monocots

Question 45

"" have two types of mesophyll cells.

Answer 45

dicot

Question 46

"" lack a prominent bundle sheath.

Answer 46

C3

Question 47

"" fixation occurs in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells.

Answer 47

CO2

Question 48

"" only use rubisco to fix CO2

Answer 48

C3

Question 49

for carbon dioxide fixation In C4 plants, first "" fixes CO2 in cytosol of the mesophyll cells into C4 cpd (C3 + CO2 = C4)

Answer 49

PEP carboxylase

Question 50

for carbon dioxide fixation in C4 plants, the second step is for C4 cpd from mesophyll cells is transported to bundle sheaths, where it is convered back to C3 cpd + CO2 and "" fixes CO2 + C5 to C6 in calvin cycle to make sugars in bundle sheaths.

Answer 50

rubisco

Question 51

In C3 plants, they only use RuBP carboxylaase which can fix "" and "".

Answer 51

carbon and oxygen

Question 52

Carbon fixation occurs in the chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells (True/false)

Answer 52

true

Question 53

where does co2 fixation take place in the chloroplasts?

Answer 53

stroma

Question 54

when CO2 concentration gets low, oxygen starts competing for the binding site in rubisco and you end up with "" sugar.

Answer 54

5 carbon sugar

Question 55

when CO2 concentration is high, rubisco will fix carbon into a "" sugar.

Answer 55

6 carbon sugar

Question 56

A salvage pathway to allow C3 plants to survive under hot and dry conditions. it will use oxygen versus CO2.

Answer 56

photorespiration

Question 57

"" absorb and store CO2 at night when the stomata are open and will keep the stomata close during the day.

Answer 57

CAM photosynthesis

Question 58

similar to C4 photosynthesis.

Answer 58

CAM photosynthesis