Shit ton of Immunology terms Flashcards
IL-1
secreted by endothelial cells along with TNF as a function of innate immunity
Fas Receptor
On infected target cells, will bind Fas ligand from CTLs which results in apoptosis
Th
T helper cells
ITIM
inhibits T cells
J-chain
links dimers of IgA binds poly-Ig-receptor in order to transport IgA across the epithelium to neutralize pathogens in gut lumen
HLA-B27
93% of individuals with Ankylosing Spondylitis have this
ζ
with CD3 forms the TCR complex, signal transduction by TCR complex
VLA-4
T cell homing receptor, effector phase, Integrin, enhances tighter adhesion to VCAM1 on endothelium cells at site of infection
What does C3a stimulate?
inflammation
THP
Tamm-Horsfall protein, inhibits uropathogenic E. coli from binding to epithelia along urinary tract
TAP transporter
Transported associated with antigen processing, transports peptides into the ER
On which chromosome is the MCH located?
6
IgG and IgA effector functions
neutralization of microbe and toxins
IL-12
Interleukin-12, produced by macrophages and NK cells respond to it
αβ T cells
most abundant, MHC restricted
Breyer’s patch
oval shaped areas in MALT with numerous follicles
MPO
myeloperoxidase, catalyzes the production of HOCL from H2O2 and Cl in lysosomes and phagosomes
Adjuvant
a subsdtance that when mixed with the antigen enhances immunogenicity of that antigen
AS
Ankylosing Spondylitis, an inflammatory possibly autoimmune disease of vertebral joints
IL2Rα
upon recognition of AG, T cells upregulate this chain to establish the high-affinity receptor to ensure only activated clones will proliferate
FcγRIIIA
low affinity for Ig distributed in NK cells ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) stimulates perforin and granzyme mediated killing of Ag coated cell
Factor B
Bb is a serine protease and the active enzyme of C3 and C5 convertases
iNOS
nitric oxide synthase, in cytosol, catalyzes formation of NO from arginine for phagocytosis
IgG and IgE effector functions
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Ag
antigen
CLIP
the portion of the Invariant chain left in the MCH II molecule after cleavage, bumped out by HLA-DM
C5-convertase
C3bBb3b or C4b2aC3b
MHC class II genes
HLA-DR, -DQ, -DP
Th2 activity
activate B cells –> secrete antibodies to parasites/allergens
Ub
Ubiquitin, added to lysine residues on proteins destined for degradation
immunoproteasome
proteasome with LMPs incorporated
APC
antigen presenting cell
B7
costimulator on APC’s recognized by CD28
E- or P-selectin
T cell homing receptor, effector phase, binds to E- or P-selectin in the endothelium at the site of infection, rolling to tissue specific sites
DC
dendritic cell
Th1 activity
activate macrophage –> kill intracellular bacteria
CD40L
on the T cell, binds to CD40 (APC) providing an amplification signal to maintain the immune response inside the APC
Alloreactivity
Graft rejection, some of the positively-selected TCRs that bind weakly to self MHC + self peptide may bind strongly to non-self MHC and peptide
Live Attenuated Vaccines induce which kind of response?
Cellular Response (T cells), stronger, life-long immunity
CCR7
T cell homing receptor, induction phase, chemokine receptor, lymphatic tissues, binding to CCL19 or CCL21 activates integrins and chemotaxis
poly-Ig-receptor
binds to J-chain to transport IgA across the epithelium to neutralize pathogens in the gut
CR1
cofactor for Factor I to cleave C3b or C4b into inactive forms
ADCC
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (NK cells), Fc regions of the bound antibodies (IgG) on infected cells are recognized by Fcγ receptors of NK cells
C1
initiates classical pathway binds Fc region of bound Ig (IgM and IgG), cross-links 2 Fc regions and is enzymatically active cleaves C&C2 into C4b & C2a
How are phagocytes activated?
PAMPs
SALT
skin associated lymphoid tissue
FcγRIIB
low affinity for Ig distributed in B lymphocytes, DCs, macrophages, PMNs, mast cells feedback inhibition of B cells, attenuation of inflammation
PMNs
polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils)
unfoldases
Unfolds the proteins destined for degradation by the proteosome
C4
cleaved by C1 along with C2 (C2a) to form C4b
MAC
Membrane Attack Complex C5b+C6+C7+C8+multiple C9 Osmotic cytolysis of microbes
INFγ
interferon gamma, cytokine produced by NK cells and Th cells to activate macrophages
HLA-DR7
A high percentage of people who do not respond to Hepatitis B vaccine have this
ITAM
immunoreceptor activation motif on the T cell, ACTIVATING SIGNAL, activates CD28
FcγRI
high affinity for Ig distributed in macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils functions to activate phagocytes/phagocytosis
IL-2Rβγc
Low affinity IL-2 receptor on T cells, is joined by an α portion to increase receptor affinity after recognition of Ag to ensure only activated clones will proliferate (becomes IL-2Rαβγc)
Classical C3-convertase
C4b2a
DAF
inhibits Bb binding to C3b to block formation of C3 convertase
Fcγ receptors
receptors on NK cells that recongize the Fc regions of IgG antibodies bound to infected cells, initiates ADCC
isopeptidase
Removes the Ub’s from intracellular proteins before the proteasome can act on it
TdT
enzyme that adds nucleotides to the CDR chains that causes junctional antigenic diversity
CD1
Presents lipid antigens, strikingly similar to class I & II MHC’s but not encoded in the MHC, they bind to β2-m, not highly polymorphic
MCP
cofactor for Factor I to cleave C3b and C4b into inactive proteins and prevent C3 convertase formation
CD8
class I-TCR co-receptor
Granzymes
Induces apoptosis in targeted cells, released by NK cells into the cytoplasm by a perforin-dependent mechanism
AMPs
antimicrobial peptides
Perforin
Creates pores in membranes of infected cells, released by NK cells
Immunophenotype: CD56neg, CD16neg
Eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, B cells, plasma cells
Cytokines involved in Th17 differentiation
TGFβ, IL6, IL23
CTLs
cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Cytokines involved in Th2 differentiation
IL4
tapasin
thought to tether the newly synthesized class 1 MHC molecule to TAP, keeping it in close proximity to incoming peptides
neonatal FcRn
expressed on the epithelial cell surface and trasnport maternal antibodies to the neonate, which acquires the others IgG profile also expressed by the placenta to transport maternal IgG to fetal circulation
anergy
describes a lack of reaction by the body’s defense mechanisms to foreign substances
POP QUIZ!
What does CD stand for in CD3, CD4, CD8, etc.
Cluster of Differentiation
L-selectin
T cell homing receptor, induction phase, binds to L-selectin ligand of endothelial venule in lymph node
Aluminum hydroxide gel (alum)
only adjuvant used in the US induction of antibody responses independent of TLR signaling directly activate DCs to secrete IL-1
Epitope
that part of an antigen that is recognized by lymphocyte antigen receptors
CDR
Complementarity-determining regions, 3 regions of hypervariability in the TCR chains
C2
cleaved by C1 along with C4 (C4b) to form C2a
NK
natural killer cells
NK-T cells
CD1-specific T cells, express classical T cell receptors (alpha/beta) that recognize lipid antigens held in the grove of CD1
Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring
oral-nasopharyngeal tonsils, first line of defense against ingested or inhaled antigens and pathogens
β2-m
Non-MHC-encoded polypeptide that the α-chains of class 1 MHC’s associated with NON-covalently
TGFβ
production at mucosal surfaces increases class switching within mucosal lymphoid tissues
Ii
Invariant chain, forms a trimer with 3 class II molecules and 3 invariant chains to keep cytosolic peptides from binding to the MHC class II receptor in the ER
Cytokines involved in Th1 differentiation
IFN-γ, IL-12
Fas ligand
Expressed by CTLs which can induce apoptosis by binding Fas Receptor on target cells
CD3
signaling receptor expressed on ALL T cells, singal transduction by TCR complex
VCAM1
Ligand on endothelial cells, effector phase, firmly adheres to VLA4 integrin of activated T cells during infection
IgG2a
opsonizing antibody produced by Th1
C1 INH
C1 inhibitor, C1r and C1s protease activity to prevent initiation of Classical complement cascade
IL-2
cytokine secreted by activated T cells
FcεRI
high affinity for Ig distributed in mast cells, basophils, eosinophils activation of mast cells and basophils (degranulation), release of proteolytic enzymes to digest cell walls of parasite
MBL
mannose binding lectin, bind to microbial cell surface mannose residues, mimics the C1 enzyme
Th17 activity
activate PMNs –> kill bacteria and fungi, autoimmunity
HOCl
hypochlorous acid
LMPs
large multifunctional peptidase, beta proteasome subunits which increase the production of peptides suitable for Ag presentation, makes the proteasome an immunoproteasome
CD4
class II-TCR co-receptor
What does IgE bind to and activate?
It binds to FcγRI receptors on granulocytes to activate them
Immunophenotype: CD56pos, CD16neg
Th cells, CTLs
Factor I
proteolytically cleaves C3b and C4b into inactive forms, thereby preventing formation of the C3 convertase
Main cytokines produced by Th2 cells
IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13
LFA1
T cell integrin, involved in adhesion and signal transduction, binds to ICAM1 on APCs
ICAM1
adhesion molecule on APCs recognized by LFA1
PAMP
pathogen associated molecular pattern, recognized by PRRs on macrophages
FcγRI
high affinity for Fc region of IgE, ACTIVATES, receptor found on epidermal Langerhans cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils
IgG effector functions
opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes neutralization of microbe and toxins antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity complement activation
What are intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL)?
gamma-delta TCR T cells that recognize and respond to lipid antigens in MALT
Main cytokines produced by Th1 cells
IFN-γ
CXCR10
T cell homing receptor, effector phase, trafficking to peripheral/regional tissues, site of infection, binding to CXCL10 activates integrins and chemotaxis
PRRs
pattern recognition receptors on macrophages, recognize PAMPs which activates the macrophage
CD40
on the APC, binds to CD40L (T cell) providing an amplification signal to maintain the immune response inside the APC
IL-7
Interleukin-7, produced by bone marrow stromal cells & provides the mitogenic signal for developing lymphocytes to proliferate
Main cytokines produced by Th17 cells
IL-17, IL-22
CD28
T cell co-stimulator receptor that recognizes B7 on APC’s
Immunophenotype: CD56pos, CD16pos
NK cells
Inactivated Vaccines induce which kind of response?
Humoral Response (B cells), weaker, more stable and safer
γδ T cells
common in gut mucosa, not-MHC restricted
IgG and IgM effector functions
Complement activation
Alternative C3-convertase
C3bBb
Immunophenotype: CD56neg, CD16pos
Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages
HLA
human leukocyte antigen
MALT
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
Factor D
Plasma serine protease that cleaves factor B when it is bound C3b
HLA-DM
catalyzes the exchange between CLIP and antigenic peptide on the MHC II in the lysosome
CTLA4
Co-stimulator receptor, recognizes B7 but results in NEGATIVE regulation, ITIM
How are granulocytes activated?
Ag-bound IgE binding cell surface FcγRI
MHC class I genes
HLA-A, -B, -C
C3
binds to the surface of a microbe where it functions as an opsonin and as a component of C3 and C5 convertases
