Sheep and Swine Exam Flashcards

Question

Overview of Sheep Enterprise Revenue

Answer 1

* lamb production represents majority of revenue on any commercial sheep interprise * **88-94% of revenue comes from lamb production** * revenue from lamb sales occurs in **late summer-fall** * **6-12% of revenue comes from wool** * timing of revenue flow from wool will be **spring to early summer**

Answer 2

* extensive systems * eg. Western Sheep * Intensive systems * eg. midwest/farm flock

Answer 3

* club lamb/show flocks * dairy sheep * hand-spinning flocks * seedstock/stud ram * lamb feeding industry * commercial lamb feeding * farm flock feeding

Answer 4

* range sheep * forage based grazing operations-rangelands * generally wool breeds * economy of scale, larger flocks \>500 hd flocks * one lamb season per yr \<150% lamb crop * lambs weaned later than 120 days * generally utilize commodity based marketing * Mtn. States Rosen, Superior Farms

Answer 5

* high plain, farmed feeds * accelerated lambing (3 lamb crops in 2 yrs) * 150-250% lamb crop * large and med sized flocks * lambs weaned at 60-90 days * finishing operation * utilize commodity and direct marketing

Answer 6

1. Production Type (meat, wool, dual-purpose) 2. Maternal and Growth (dam breeds, sire breeds) 3. Wool breed types (fine, med, course, hair) 4. Geographic origin (british breeds, tropical) ALL sheep are produced for meat consumption regardless of breed-type classification

Answer 7

1. Suffolk 2. Hampshire 3. Texel

Answer 8

1. Maerino (AU, NZ) 2. Rambouillet 3. Cormo 4. Targhee?

Answer 9

1. Targhee (USA) 2. Columbia (USA) 3. Dorset 4. Polypay (USA, prolific) 5. Corriedale 6. South African Meat Merino

Answer 10

1. Dorper 2. Katahdin 3. Saint Croix 4. Royal White 5. Barbados Blackbelly

Answer 11

1. **To optimize gene frequencies** 1. mix strengths of different breeds to create something that is needed but may not currently exit 2. allows focus on *Maternal traits* in the ewe flock and *growth and carcass value in the sires* 2. ****To utilize heterosis** 1. ****important, positive effects on performance in both the corssbred lamb and the crossbred ewe

Answer 12

* BW- 3.2% * WW- 5.0% * Postweaning DG- 6.6% * YW- 5.2% * Conception Rate- 2.6% * Prolificacy of Dam- 2.8% * Survival, Birth- Weaning- 9.8% * Carcass Traits- ~0 * Lambs born per ewe exposed- 5.3% * Lambs weaned/ewe exposed- 15.2% * Weight of lamb weaned/ewe exposed- 17.8%

Answer 13

N Survival Ave. Lb. of lamb weaned/ewe rate at WW lambing Weaning Purebred 998 80 73 58 Crossbred 285 92 75 69

Answer 14

* the appearance of a sheep at a show or sale is not a good guide to its genetic potetential for production * most sheep breeders are distracted to some degree from selection for appearances * very few breeders of purebred sheep can afford to ignore the appearance of sheep and select soley on performance and gentic potential

Answer 15

* produce terminal sires for range sheep operations * emphasize selection for growth rate and carcass quality * emphasize selection for lamb hardiness/survival * Produce fine-wool rams and replacement ewes for use on desert range * emphasize fleece characteristics and adaptation to environment

Answer 16

* maximize income from lamb and wool in a farm flock situation. Area has a good wool market * emphasize prolificacy, growth rate, maternal ability, and acceptable fleece quality * What would you do if this area did not have a good wool market? * Produce crossbred replacement ewes for use in mid-west and eastern farm flocks * emphasize prolificacy, milk production, survivability, and growth rate

Answer 17

60 (ADG) + 4.0 (365 adj staple length) + 4.0 (364Clean Wool) + (Fiber Diameter Points) * (22-actual micron) x 3; (max of +9 points) * (actual micron-22)x 3; (max of-6points) * (22.0–actual CV) x 1.25; (max of±5)

Answer 18

1. class **Mammalia** (milk giving) 2. order **Artiodactyla** (even toed, hoofed animals) 3. family **Suida** (consists of sixteen species of pigs and hogs. Members of the Suida originally occurred across Eurasia) 4. genus **Sus**

Answer 19

1. **Sus scrofa-** wild hog from continental Europe, from which most domestic breeds are derived 1. course hair, large legs and feet, a long head of tusks, a narrow body and great ability to run and fight 2. **Sus vittatus-** the race of the East Indian swine that also contribute to today's domestic swine 1. smaller, more refined than the European wild hog. Black with white streak along the side, a scavenger used to eliminate human food waste

Answer 20

* very aggressive * poor eyesight, but keen sense of smell and hearing * average 2 yr old weighs 325-350# * low prolificacy * babies are striped

Answer 21

* Columbus is credited for introducing swine to the New World 1493 * First good quality hogs came to US in 1609 at Jamestown * Settlers moved westward and spread hogs which eventually became concentrated in the Corn Belt * In the 1990's swine spread to the southeast and are now spreading to the southwestern US

Answer 22

1. North Carolina 2. Minnesota 3. Illinois 4. Indiana ## Footnote **Produce 68.8% of hogs** **Iowa leads the nation with 31% of all hogs on inventory**

Answer 23

1. **Iowa 31.4%** 2. **North Carolina 13%** 3. **Minnesota 12%** 4. **Illinois 6.9%** 5. **Indiana 5.5%** 6. Nebraska 4.7% 7. Missouri 4.2% 8. Ohio 3.3% 9. Oklahoma 3.1% 10. Kansas 2.7%

Answer 24

* Herd Size and % Market Share * 1000-- 4% * 1001-1999--8% * 2000-4999--25% * 5000+--63%

Answer 25

* Average pigs saved per litter=10.58 * Total hogs and pigs in the US= 70.9 million * Breeding Inventory= 6.0 million * Market Hog Inventory= 64.8 million

Answer 26

* Demand has moved from a lard-type hog (carcass high in fat) to the present lean-meat-type hog (carcass high in meat compared to lard). * The hog carcass has one of the highest dressing precentage of any livestock species (70-75% in swine vs. only 60-65% in cattle)

Answer 27

1. Chester White 2. American Landrace 3. **Yorkshire** 4. **Large White**

Answer 28

1. Berkshire 2. **Hampshire** 3. Poland China 4. Spot 5. Hereford 6. Tamworth 7. Pietrain 8. **Duroc**

Answer 29

**Chester White (maternal)** * originated in Chester County, PA 1848 * White with drooped ears * large litters * gentle disposition * good mothering ability * lean carcass and large hams

Answer 30

**Landrace (maternal)** * originate in Denmark- not imported into US until 1940's * American landrace is 1/16-1/64 poland China * White hog with drooped ears * long belly * 16-17 pairs of ribs (extra vertebrae) * high meat quality- known for bacon

Answer 31

**Yorkshire (maternal)** * orinated from England "Large White Descendent" * "***The mother breed"*** * white with dished face and erect ears * lean, good carcass quality * **_Maternal Breed_**

Answer 32

**Large White (maternal)** * originated in England * Erect ears * white color, pink skins, dished face * long deep sides * good bacon production * **_maternal breed_**

Answer 33

**Berkshire (sire breed)** * originated in Berkshire, England * black with white face * erect ears * dished face * known for quality carcass characteristics * American Berkshire association- first swine registry in the world 1875

Answer 34

**Hampshire (sire breed)** * originated in Boone County, Kentucky * Black with white belt * erect ears * known for meat quality * low backfat * **used as a boar in a terminal cross breeding scheme**

Answer 35

**Poland China (sire breed)** * originated in Miami Valley, Ohio * black with white face, feet, and tip of tail * great soundness in feet and legs * very efficient at feed conversion-- fast growers * although they have larger litters, mothering ability is low (lots of crushed pigs)

Answer 36

**Spot (sire breed)** * originated from the Poland China Breed (aka Spotted Polland China) * meat breed * high carcass value * great rate of gain

Answer 37

**Hereford (sire breed)** * oringinated La Platta, MO * mix of poland china and duroc * white face, red body, and at least 2 white feet and white underline * erect * well-finished carcass and heavy shoulders

Answer 38

**Tamworth (sire breed)** * originated in England * Very lean meat * known for bacon * good carcass value * long bodied * long straight snout * long legs-- can graze rough country

Answer 39

**Pietrain (sire breed)** * originated in Pietrain, Belgium * medium size, white with black spots * erect ears * extreme in muscle development * PSS carrier * used as a terminal sire for show pigs

Answer 40

**Duroc (Duroc Jerseys) (sire breeds)** * originated in Eastern US (New Jersey and New York) * blend of Jersey Reds and Durocs of New York * colors can vary from golden to deep red * droopy ears * good carcass quality * known for rate of gain * **used as boar in terminal cross breeding schemes**

Answer 41

**Chinese Meishan** * originated in Mainland China * Excellent mothering ability * known for exceptionally large litters (up to 30 piglets have been documented) * poor carcass quality

Answer 42

Three systems for selection were designed the result in maximum progress 1. Tandem Selection 2. Independent Culling Level 3. **Selection Index- Preferred**

Answer 43

* breeders select on one trait at a time until maximum progress has been achieved, then they select another trait for improvement. Progress is based on the heritability of the trait under selection * Drawback- selection of one trait may not always result in improvement of another, and may even be antagonistic * **example: leanness and reproduction**

Answer 44

* Minimum standards are set for several traits. The failure to meet these standards result in slaughter or removal from the herd. Because of the large litters produced, standards can be kept high resulting in rapid progress (Envy of cattle breeders!!)

Answer 45

* By using selectionindex, all important traits can be easily combined into one figure or score. A higher score mean more valuable animals for breeding purposes. The weight assigned to each traits depends on its economic importance, heritability, and genetic linkage to other traits.

Answer 46

* Average pigs saved per litter was 10.58 for 2016 1. 8.00 for operations with 1-99 hogs and pigs 1. ave. 8.00 in 1994 2. 10.40 for operations with more than 5000 hogs and pigs 1. ave. 8.73 in 1994

Answer 47

* No other livestock carcass is marketed to the consumer in such a variety of products, varying all the way from sowbelly to pig's feet * The production of diverse pork products that meet consumer demands keeps the swine market strong

Answer 48

* most hogs are marketed either by direct sale (directly to the packer) or through a local auction * **Market hogs are classified and sold in four market classed based on:** * **sex** * **use to which the animal is best suited** * **weight**

Answer 49

* Barrows (young castrated male swine showing no male sex characteristics) and gilts (young female swine that have not farrowed) form the class of **FINISHED MARKET HOGS** * Weights vary from 120-300 lbs; most desirable wt. is 200-250 lbs * **_most pork for human consumption is derived from this class and graded according to US carcass grade_**

Answer 50

* Sows (mature female swine or female swine that have farrowed or are pregnant at slaughter) represent the **second most prevalent market class of swine**. Usually culled sows or bred gilts that range in weight upwards of 220 lbs. Pregnancy reduces dressing % and results in a carcass that carries more fat than gilts or barrows. * **_pork from sows is mainly marketed for human consumption as cured pork or graded accordingly to US carcass grades_**

Answer 51

* Stags (castrated males showing sexual development) are usually not marketed in sufficient numbers to warrant US grading, and are usually not used for human consumption * **_culled boars are generally castrated after culling and fed for a short time and thus fit into this class_**

Answer 52

* Boars (uncastrated males) are low in market value because a large portion of the carcass is not fit for human consumption because of the odor (skatol or boar taint) * **_manufactured by-products such as inedible grease, fertilizers, hides, and others are the main use of this class_**

Answer 53

* All products from slaughtering other than carcass meat and lard are designated as by-products, usually averaging 30-40% of the animal's live weight * By-products vary from blood to glycerin for explosives, meat scraps to medicine, glue to leather, and violin strings to fertilizers

Answer 54

* Hog producers of the future will require performance information on their animals prior to marketing and slaughter * NOTE: **_backfat thickness is the most useful single live animal indicator of carcass lean meat_** * **__**backfat probe is interted through a small skin incision- **invasive** * ultrasound machines (newer machines can also measure loin eye depth and thus estimate the loin eye area- **noninvasive**

Answer 55

* Swine require different methods of handling than cattle, sheep, or horses. Swine operations into one of the following catagories: * **Feeder pig production**: breeding herd, farrowing and weaning piglets * **Finishing programs**: growth and finishing of feeder pigs for slaughter * **Farrow to Finish operations**: combines 1 and 2 above * **Purebred Operations**: supplies seed stock for commercial swine herd

Answer 56

* These operations produce weaned pigs that are sold to be grown and finished out on other farms * NOTE: **_comparatively low feed requirments but requires high level of management_** * **__****Goals for this system include 2.2 litters per sow per yr with 10 or more pigs farrowed per litter with 8 or more being weaned and sold at 40-45lbs or more** * not all of the 8 weaned pigs/litter will be sold, however, as the manager must select replacement gilts and boars from this group

Answer 57

* Success depends on large litters, so a critical management time is during breeding and gestation * **maximal litter sizes are achieved when:** * ****gilts are bred at their 2nd or 3rd estrus (ovulate more eggs) * gilts are flushed (ovulate more eggs; feed increased 7-10 days prior to breeding and continued for 4-8 days after breeding) ***no value for sows!*** * gilts and sows are bred with more than one service (12-24hrs for gilts and 24-36hrs for sows after the onset of estrus)

Answer 58

* approximately 90% of the sows are crossbred in commercial herds * crossbred pigs are stronger at birth and grow faster; thus more and heavier pigs are marketed * crossbred sows produce larger litters

Answer 59

* ***swine producers have gone from seasonal farrowings twice a yr to multiple farrowings (throughout the yr)*** * maximal use of buildings and equipment * steady productions of feeder pigs * prevents sharp price increases which consumers dislike * Sows that farrow within 7-10 days of each other are rotated together * Witha 48 day rotation schedule, sows are given 35 days from farrowing to weaning, 3 days for adjustment of pigs, 5 days for cleanup, and 5 days for bringing in new sows prior to farrowing * NOTE: **disadvantage- buildup of pathogens**

Answer 60

1. sows should be dewormed and sprayed for parasites app. 2-3 weeks before expected farrowing 2. Farrowing house should be disinfected prior to bringing in the next group of sows- **all in all out** 3. move sows to farrowing crates approximately 4-5 days prior to expected day of farrowing 4. successful swine producers are present at farrowing no matter what time of day or night it may occur

Answer 61

1. clip the needle teeth 1. there are 8 needle teeth- 2 are located on the top jaw and 2 on the bottom jaw on each side of the head 2. if the piglets are less than 2 days old, completely cut off teeth close to the gum 3. if piglets are 2 days or older, only cut off 1/3-1/2 of each tooth

Answer 62

Castration should be done within 3-14 days of birth

Answer 63

Piglets farrowed in confinement with no access to soil may experience iron- deficiency anemia within 7-10 days of birth (lack of hemoglobin) Inject each piglet in the neck muscle with 100-150 mg of iron dextran within the first 3-4 days of life and give a second injection 14 days later

Answer 64

Litter number

Answer 65

individual piglet number

Answer 66

Know how to do this shit

Answer 67

No breeding stock, so less management and time is required, but you need a large quantity of reasonably priced feed

Answer 68

combines the feeder pig production with finishing advantage- no sharing of profits

Answer 69

supply the seed stock for the commercial swine herd breed associations have set up methods of evaluating purebred sows certified litter is a PR litter that has carcass evaluations of 2 pigs slaughtered at 242lbs or less

Answer 70

1. 10 essential amino acids 2. B complex vitamins 3. additional fatty acids 55-80% of the total cost of producing pork is feed **Lysine is considered the rate limiting amino acid in swine** **corn is the most common cereal grain fed to swine, however milo, barley, whear, and by-products from these grains are used by US producers** **Next to common salt (NaCl), calcium is the most needed minderal in a pigs diet**

Answer 71

Yorks Hamps Durocs Spot Mixes

Answer 72

In crates for 3 weeks In dirt lots the rest of time

Answer 73

65-67 deg Far. Cool enough that babies will go to heat pens

Answer 74

crates are 15" off the ground, and water gets flushed Mon. Wed. and Fri.

Answer 75

Never give shots in muscle or ham. Give halfway down between neck and backbone (behind ear and infront of shoulder bone)

Answer 76

45min-1hr inject with Oxy. will clear system and cause uterus to work. Keeping it clean. Decreases mastitus.

Answer 77

out of Hillbilly Bone--\> small BW

Answer 78

Won't keep weight over 150 lbs