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Beef And Dairy Cattle Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Total Beef cattle in the US Total cows Total Cattle on Feed

A

Total Beef cattle in the US: 93.6 million Total Cows: 31.2 million cows (90% of cow herds have <100 cows) Total Cattle on Feed: 10.8 million cattle on feed

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2
Q

Top 5 Beef Cattle States (50% of total US $)

A

1) Texas 2) Nebraska 3) Kansas 4) Colorado 5) Iowa …15) Wyoming 1.3 million cattle 0.7 million beef cattle

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3
Q

Beef Production —> Per Capital Consumption —> Per Capita Spending on Meat

A

Beef Production -25.8 billion lbs -$78.2 billion —> Per Capital Consumption -65.8 lbs -27.6 lbs of beef 42% —> Per Capita Spending on Meat -Beef: $340 (46.5%) -Pork: $192 -Chicken: $175

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4
Q

Organization of Beef Production

A
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5
Q

Nutritional Management

A
  • Feed costs 50-70% of annual costs (15-20% for labor costs)
  • Maximize the use of roughages, forages,
    • Pasture, range
    • crop residues
    • silage
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6
Q

Emphasis on grazing vs. Harvested forage

A
  • reduced labor, equipment/fuel expense
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7
Q

Pasture and range management

A
  • use animals to manage forage base
    • stocking rates
      • forage availability
      • forage quality
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8
Q

Harvested forages

A
  • minimize losses during storage and feeding
    • can exceed 20-30% of available forage
    • protection from exposure to weather
    • method of feeding can help control losses
      • haybuster vs roundbale feeders
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9
Q

Creep feeding

A
  • supplemental feed for the calf only
    • inaccessible to the cows
  • added 20-50 lbs. weaning wt
  • Decreased demand on cow
  • not always economical
    • cost of supplemental feed
    • decreased psot-weaning gain
    • want growth but not fat
      • Fat heifers –> impaired milk production
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10
Q

Manage Body Condition

Too thin?

Too fat?

A
  • Too thin
    • extended post-partum interval
  • Too fat
    • not economical (high feed cost)
    • negative impact on milk production
  • 1: emaciated (little muscle fat)
  • 2: very thin (no fat, bones visable)
  • 3: Thin (Foreribs visible)
  • 4: Borderline (Forerib not visible, 12th and 13th ribs visible)
  • 5: Moderate (neither fat nor thin)
  • 6: Good (smooth appearance)
  • 7: Very Good (Smooth with fat over back and tail head)
  • 8: Fat (Blocky, bone over back not visible)
  • 9: Very fat (tail buried and in fat)
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11
Q

Choice of calving season

Spring Calving?

Fall Calving?

A
  • Spring Calving (Feb-April)
    • coordinates forage available for grazing with period of highest nutrient demand
      • Calving –> lactation –> breeding
    • Minimize use of harvest forage
  • Fall Calving (Sep-Oct)
    • better weather at calving, improved calf survival
    • takes advantage of seasonal market prices for weaned calves
    • increased reliance on harvest forage
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12
Q

Calving Management

A
  • Length of calving season
    • 40-60 days
    • Uniformity of calf crop, concentration of labor
  • Observe “close-ups” every few hours
  • Pelvic ligaments relax
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13
Q

The effects of dystocia

A
  • poor calf survivability
    • extended post-partum interval
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14
Q

Managing post-calving calf losses

A
  • scours, pneumonia
  • protection from weather
  • importance of colostrum in 1st 48 hrs of life
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15
Q

Importance of culling programs

A
  • want to remove unprofitable animals
    • body condition score
    • preg. testing
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16
Q

Replacement Heifer Development

A
  • Average 15% of herd culled/replaced annually
  • Two important factors in heifer development
    • AGE
      • breed heifers to calve at 2 yrs of age
      • heifers need to reach puberty by 15 months
    • WEIGHT
      • target= 65% of mature body weight
        • Medium-frame breeds (Angus, Hereford) 650-750 lbs
        • Large-frame breeds (terminal crosses) 750-900 lbs
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17
Q

Replacement Heifer Management

A
  • Use low birth weight bulls for heifers
    • minimize dystocia
    • birth weight EPD’s
  • Breed heifers to calve early in calving season
    • heifers typically have longer post-partum interval
      • increased dystocia
    • need to cycle with cow herd at 2nd calving
  • Keep heifers separated from cow herd if possible
    • reduced competition for feed
    • more intensive management
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18
Q

Cow:Bull ratio

A
  • depends on system
    • length of breeding season
    • size of pasture, range
    • heifers vs. cows
  • US Average
    • ~ 30:1
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19
Q

Breeding Soundness Exam Checklist

A
  • Physical Examination
    • feet and legs
    • eyes
    • body condition
    • indications of illness
  • Rectal Examination
    • Prostate
    • Seminal vesicles
    • Ampullae
    • Internal inguinal rings
  • External Examination
    • Testes
    • Scrotum
    • Penis
    • Prepuce
  • Semen Evaluation
    • Volume
    • Color
    • Motility
    • Morphology
  • Mating Desire
    • Present
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20
Q

Breeding Program

A
  • Bull Selection
    • EPD’s etc.
  • Maximize use of crossbreeding
    • Crossbred heifers
      • Higher conception rates
      • Earlier puberty
    • Crossbred Calves
      • more vigorous
      • faster growth rate
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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Herd Health Management:

Vaccination Program:

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Complex

A
  1. IBR (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis)
  2. PI3 (Parainfluenza-3)
  3. BVD (Bovine Viral Diarrhea)
  4. BRSV (Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
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23
Q

Herd Health Management:

Vaccination Program:

Brucellosis

A
  1. Bang’s Disease
  2. Transmissible to humans –> Undulant Fever
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24
Q

7-way + Blackleg covers which diseases?

A
  1. Leptospirosis
  2. Vibriosis (Campylobacteriosis)
  3. Clostridial Diseases
    1. Blackleg
    2. Enterotoxemia
    3. Tetanus
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25
Q

Nutritional Disorders

A
  • Grass tetany
    • hypomagnesemia (low blood Mg)
    • Lush spring pasture (low forage Mg)
  • Milk Fever
    • Hypocalcemia (low blood Ca)
    • Parturient paresis
  • Bloat
    • legume (frothy) vs. free gas bloat
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26
Q

Other Diseases/Disorders in Herd Health Management

A
  1. calf scours
  2. coccidiosis
  3. urinary calculi (water belly)
  4. pinkeye (moraxella bovis infection)
  5. foot rot
  6. lump jaw
  7. internal and external parasites
  8. warts, ringworm (viruses)
  9. brisket disease
  10. hardware disease
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27
Q

Marketing

Feeder cattle prices vs. Fed cattle prices

A
  • Feeder cattle prices
    • weaning (fall) –> low
    • pasture availability (spring) –> high
  • Fed cattle prices
    • highest price in summer
      • fall calves finished in spring
      • low supplies of feeder cattle in spring, summer
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28
Q

Price of Heifer vs. Steer Calves

A
  • Heifers –> lower market price
    • Slower growth
    • Estrous cycle
    • Potential for feedlot pregnancy
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29
Q

Marketing Shrink

A
  • Loss in weight during transport
  • 3-12% of body weight
    • feces/urine loss
    • lack of feed/water
    • stress, disease status
    • distance transported (1% per hr)
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30
Q

High Gain Potential Calf

A
  • “green”
  • light for age
  • thin,but healthy
  • large frame
  • compensatory gain
    • increased rate of gain following a period of nutritional restriction
  • preconditioned
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31
Q

Low gain potential calf

A
  • sick, unhealthy poor herd health mgt, stressed
  • small frame
  • heavy and/or fat (possibly creep fed)
    • fleshy
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32
Q

Stocker calf nutrition

A
  • roughage-based grower programs
  • higher quality forages than cow herd
  • typical feeds
    • high quality pastures (small grain pastures)
    • hay (legume hay- alfalfa)
    • silages
    • Crop residues (+ supplementation?)
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33
Q

Supplementation

A
  • Protein supplements
    • Especially with lower quality forages
    • increased forage intake, digestibility
  • Energy supplements
    • grain (high starch)
      • excess may depress forage utilization
      • limit to 0.3-0.5% of BW
    • Fibrous byproduct feeds
      • beet pulp, wheat middlings, ect.
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34
Q

Preconditioning Programs

A
  • Complete herd health management program
    • reduce stress
    • reduce morbidity, mortality
    • increase gain
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35
Q

Typical Preconditioning Program

A
  • Weaning
    • 30+ days before sale
  • Nutrition
    • acclimated to bunk feeding (“bunk-broke”)
    • acclimated to non-stream water source
    • trace mineral/vitamin supplementation
  • Vaccinations
  • Treatment for internal and external parasites
  • Castration/dehorning
    • healed before sale
  • Individual indentification
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36
Q

Certification programs for preconditioning

A
  • Extension
  • Industry
    • average net return from preconditioning $25-33 per head
    • over 80% of feedlot operators believe that pre-arrival processing can reduce sickness and death loss in the feedlot
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37
Q

Feedlot nutrition

A
  • high concentrate (grain)/ low roughage diets
  • nutritional disorders more common
    • Acidosis
      • drop in rumen pH due to rapid starch fermentation
      • chronic slow grow, death
      • importance of adaptation to diet
        • gradual shift in microbial population in rumen
      • role of roughage in the diet
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38
Q

Bloat

A
  • Grain bloat (free gas type)
  • Treatment
    • Trocar, “tubing”
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39
Q

Founder

A
  • Laminitis
    • abnormal hoof growth
      • curled toes, “slipper foot”
      • hoof trimming (more common in dairy cows)
40
Q

Ionophores

A
  • Antibiotics that alter ruminal fermentation
    • 10-15% increase in feed efficiency
  • Common ionophores (VFD exempt)
    • Monensin (Rumensin)
    • Lasalosid (Bovatec)
41
Q

Hormones

A
  • Implants
    • Steroid hormone supplements
      • Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone
      • given under skin in middle 1/3 of ear
      • lots of product options
        • Ralgro, Synovex, Revalor, etc.
  • Beta Agonists
    • Repartitioning agents
      • Increase lean, decrease fat
    • Common beta agonists
      • Ractopamine (Optaflexx)
      • Zilpaterol (Zilmax)
42
Q

Classification of Cattle Breeds

A
  • Maternal Breeds
    • Fertility
    • Longevity
    • Milk Production
  • Sire Breeds
    • Growth rate
    • Muscularity (carcass composition)
  • Dual/Multi-Purpose Breeds
    • Combination of maternal and sire
43
Q
A

Angus

  • Aberdeen, Scotland
  • solid black, polled
  • 1873 –> US (Kansas)
  • Certified Angus Beef Program
44
Q

CAB Specifications

45
Q
A

Red Angus

  • Solid red, polled
  • Selected from black Angus recessives
46
Q
A

Hereford

  • red body with white face, horned
  • from England 1817 –> US (Henry Clay, KY)
  • 1870’s & 80’s –> Swan Land and Cattle (WY Herford Ranch)
47
Q
A

Polled Hereford

  • Scotland
  • Naturally polled
  • 1901 –> US (Iowa)
48
Q
A

Simmental

  • Switzerland, originally dual purpose for milk/meat
  • originally yellow/red and white color pattern
  • majority now black, mostly black
  • both polled and horned
49
Q
A

Gelbvieh

  • Austria/Germany
  • 1971 –> US (1st breed imported via AI)
  • Multi-purpose (draft, milk, and meat)
50
Q
A

Charolais

  • France (1936)
  • King Ranch, TX (1960’s)
51
Q
A

Limousin

  • France (1969)
  • Red/golden or Black, horned or polled
  • Heavy muscling, often poor disposition
52
Q
A

Shorthorn

  • England (1783 as “Durham”)
  • Red, white, or roan
  • Polled or horned
  • Dual-purpose breed (milk and meat)
53
Q
A

Salers

  • France (1975)
  • Horned or polled; Solid mahogany red or black
  • Medium to long hair (show cattle)
  • Known for mothering ability
54
Q
A

Maine Anjou

  • France (1969)
  • Largest french breed
  • Cows: 1500-1900 lbs
  • Bulls: 2200-3100 lbs
55
Q
A

Murray Grey

  • Australia (1969)
  • Muscling and docile
56
Q
A

Devon (South Devon)

  • England (1969)
  • Milking ability
57
Q
A

Tarentaise

  • France (1972; USDA- Miles City, MT)
  • Known for mothering ability, solid wheat color
58
Q
A

Pinzgauer

  • Austria (1976)
  • Red with white across back –> tail “skunk tail”
  • Excels in harsh conditions, maternal instinct
59
Q
A

Chianina

  • Italy (WWII servicemen)
  • White w/ Black eyes and nose
  • Bulls can weigh 3000+ lbs
60
Q
A

Longhorn

  • spanish origin (Columbus)
  • Multicolored w/ characteristically long horns
  • Historic trail drive cattle
61
Q
A

Holestein

  • Netherlands
  • Beef Freisian
62
Q
A

Brahman

  • India-Zebu breed w/hump and large ears
  • heat tolerance
  • pigmentation, short hair, loose skin, sweat glands
63
Q
A

Brangus

  • 1932 (OK/TX/MS)
  • 3/8 Brahman x 5/8 Angus
64
Q
A

Beefmaster

  • Lasater Ranch, TX (1908)
  • 1/2 Brahman x 1/4 Hereford x 1/4 Shorthorn
  • Repro, milk and growth under range conditions
65
Q
A

Braford

  • 1947 (FL)
  • 3/8 Brahman x 5/8 Hereford
66
Q
A

Simbrah

  • Simmental x Brahman
  • Gulf Coast (1960’s)
67
Q
A

Santa Gertrudis

  • Developed on King Ranch in TX
  • 5/8 Shorthorn x 3/8 Brahman
68
Q
A

Amerifax

  • 5/8 Angus x 3/8 Beef Friesian
  • Red or Black; Polled
69
Q
A

Piedmontese

  • Italy
  • Double Muscling
  • Lean Meat Production
70
Q
A

Belgian Blue

  • Belgium
  • Double Muscling
  • Lean Meat production
71
Q
A

Belted Galloway

  • Galloway x Dutch Belted
  • Rapid growth, heavy milkers
  • Oreo Cookie cattle
72
Q
A

Highland

  • Scotland
  • Small frame, heavy marbling
  • Oldest registered breed
73
Q
A

Wagyu

  • Japan
  • Heavily Marbled (Kobe beef)
74
Q

Body Condition Scoring

A
  • assess level of body fat reserves of cattle during various production phases
  • formulate management and feeding decisions
75
Q

Where to look when deciding BCS

76
Q

Milk Composition

A
  • Fat: 3.5% in Holstein
  • Protein: 3.0-3.5%
  • Non-fat solids: 9.0-9.5% (mostly lactose)
77
Q

US Consumption

A
  • 75 gallons/person/yr
    • 18 gallons fresh milk
    • 39 lbs cheese
    • 23 lbs ice cream
    • 14 lbs yoghurt
    • 6 lbs butter
    • 13 lbs other
78
Q
A

Milking Shorthorn

  • originated in northeastern England
  • Mahogany/White (roan)
  • Cow= 1400 lbs
  • Milk production= 14311 lbs; 3.6% fat
  • <1% of dairy cows
  • One of the oldest recognized breeds
79
Q
A

Ayrshire

  • originated in Scotland
  • Cherry Red/White to Mahogany/White
  • Cow= 1200 lbs
  • Milk production= 15418 lbs; 3.9% fat
  • <1% of dairy cows
  • Known for nervous disposition
80
Q

4

A

Brown Swiss

  • originated in Switzerland
  • oldest dairy cattle breed
  • light to dark brown
  • Cow= 1400 lbs
  • Milk production= 18703 lbs; 4.1% fat
  • <1% of dairy cows
  • Known for being very docile and stubborn
81
Q
A

Guernsey

  • originated on island of Guernsey
  • Fawn/White
  • Cow= 1200-1300 lbs
  • Milk production: 15495 lbs; 4.5% fat
  • ~ 1.5% of dairy cows
  • High milk fat content (deep yellow fat)
  • very docile temperment
82
Q
A

Jersey

  • Originated on the island of Jersey
  • Solid fawn w/ black accents
  • cow= 1000 lbs (smallest dairy breed)
  • milk production= 17302 lbs; 4.8% fat
  • Record 44930 lb/yr; 5.0% milk fat
  • ~ 2.5% of dairy cows
  • bred for high milk fat content (yellow fat)
83
Q
A

Holstein

  • Originated in Netherlands
    • N. Holland and W. Friesland (“Freisian”)
  • Black/White (some Red/White)
  • Cow= 1500 lbs
  • Milk production= 23791 lbs; 3.7% fat
  • 90-95% of dairy cows (8.8 million US)
  • Bred for high milk volume (lower milk fat)
84
Q

Dairy Breed Performance in Order

85
Q
A

Burr-Wall Buckeye Gigi

  • 74,650 lbs of milk
    • 2126 lbs of fat (2.85% fat)
    • 2142 lbs of protein (2.87% protein) • 365 day lactation, 3X milking, +bST
  • Put in Perspective
    • 8782 gallons of milk
    • Average 24.0 gallons/day
    • 140,512 glasses of milk (8 oz)
    • 1 glass/day for 385 people for 1 year
    • 7,465 pounds of cheese
    • Enough for more than 119,440 cheeseburgers
86
Q

Dairy Cow Breeding and Selection

A
  • Breeding
    • >90% of cows bred via AI
    • Dairy bulls
      • Holstein 3000+ lbs
      • poor disposition
  • Heifer Development
    • Similar to beef
    • 65% mature weight
    • year-round calving
  • Dairy cattle selection and evaulion
87
Q

Feeding and Management of Dairy Cattle

A
  • Nutrition
    • Feed quality important
      • forages (digestable fiber)
      • protein
      • minerals, vitamins
    • TMR (total mixed ration)
88
Q

Relationship between forage level and milk fat

A
  • Starch fermentation produces propionate
    • propionate –> lactose –> total milk volume
  • Fiber fermentation produces acetate
    • acetate –> milk fat
      • milk prices based on milk fat percentage
  • Forages: high milk fat, low milk volume
  • Grains: low milk fat, high milk volume
89
Q

Feeding and Management Dairy

A
  1. Peak Lactation
    • 8-10 weeks post-calving
  2. Standard Lactation length
    • 305 days
    • Allows 50-60 day Dry Period
    • “Springer”
      • Last 2-3 months of gestation
90
Q

Mammary Gland Anatomy

A
  1. External Anatomy
    • 4 quarters
      • Rear quarters (60%) larger than front (40%)
    • Tremendous blood supply
    • Suspensory ligaments
  2. Internal Anatomy
    • Alveoli
      • “grape-like” structures that secrete milk
    • Gland Cistern
      • collects milk from Alveoli
    • Teat Cistern
      • important in milking, suckling
    • Streak Canal
      • opening of teat
91
Q

Anatomy of Teat

92
Q

Milk Letdown

A
  • expulsion of milk from alveoli
    • nervous stimulation (suckling, washing, sight/smell)
    • release of Oxytocin (pituitary gland)
      • causes contraction of alveoli
93
Q

Mastitis

A
  • inflammation/infection of the udder
  • Symptoms
    • cloudiness, blood, lumps in milk
    • hard, sensitive quarters in udder
    • fever, loss of appetite, depressed production
  • Importance of sanitation
    • streak canal open for 15-20 min after machine milking
    • keep cows standing for >15-20 min
94
Q

SCC

A
  • Somatic Cell count
    • =mostly white blood cells
    • Cow-side monitoring
      • california mastitis test
      • sensor in milk lines
    • Monthly testing (usually bulk tank)
      • dairy herd improvement association
95
Q

Mastitis Treatment

A

Intra-mammary injection

“Dump Milk”

96
Q

Bovine Somatotropin (bST)

A
  • Also callled bovine Growth Hormone (bGH)
  • Monsanto (1994)–> Elanco (2008)
  • Injection every 14 days
    • After peak lactation ONLY
  • 10-20% increase in milk production
97
Q

Dairy Cow Unified Score Card

A
  1. Frame- 15%
  2. Dairy Strength- 25%
  3. Rear Feet and Legs- 20%
  4. Udder- 40%

Animal Science (5 decks)

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