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Sharks > Sharks Exam 4 > Flashcards

Sharks Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are sharks taste buds?

A

all over the body

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2
Q

What does the sensory system detect?

A

Detects prey, tracks it and captures it

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3
Q

Do sharks display sensory switching?

A

yes, as they get closer they switch senses

This is species dependent.

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4
Q

Where do eddies appear?

A

the odor near field

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5
Q

Where is the acoustic field?

A

very close to the prey

they pick up the electric field

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6
Q

How far away can the lateral length detect?

A

1 to 2 body lengths

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7
Q

What are sharks highly dependent on?

A

odor

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8
Q

What signals mouth to open?

A

electro reception

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9
Q

What intensifies the signal?

A

smell and ions

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10
Q

How sensivity is the nostrils odor detection?

A

it can detect .1 to .5 second differences in the time odor travels between the nostrils

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11
Q

What happens upon detection of the odor?

A

It turns toward the first cue/ side odor was detected first

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12
Q

What does turning into the cue do?

A

Helps maintain contact with the plume

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13
Q

What part does the distance between nostrils play?

A

It is proposed that the farther apart the nares the better the distinguishability

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14
Q

How many amino acids can a hammerhead detect?

A

at least 20

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15
Q

How small a concentration can a shark detect?

A

10 to the minus ten molar-same as bony fish

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16
Q

Are larger rosettes more sensive?

A

no

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17
Q

What siphons the nare?

A

water is pushed into the incurrent nostril and out the excurrent nostril grove

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18
Q

Where are the olfactory organs contained?

A

the olfactory sac

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19
Q

What does the olfactory sac contain?

A

the olfactory rosette

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20
Q

What does the rosette have?

A

lamellar array-two rows of lamellae, largest lamellae in the middle and smaller on the outside

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21
Q

What increases the surface area of the rosette?

A

Each lamellae has folds called secondary lamellae. It is folded like a rose

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22
Q

What is rheotaxis?

A

large scale/ long distance odor detection

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23
Q

What is odor chemotaxis?

A

small scale odor detection - detects odor flavored eddies using the lateral line and senses

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24
Q

How do benthopelagic sharks differ from benthic in olfactory?

A

bp-have more lamellae, larger rosettes and surface area then benthic

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25
Q

DO sharks have an outer ear?

A

No, only an inner ear

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26
Q

Where is the inner ear?

A

Inside the cartilage in the endolymph

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27
Q

What are the two parts of the ear?

A

parssuperior and parsinferior

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28
Q

What is contained in the parssuperior?

A

it is the upper part of the ear and has three semicircular canals with ampulla at each end.
includes:utriculus/utricle

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29
Q

What is contained in the parsinferior?

A

Has two parts:sacculus and lagena

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30
Q

What parts has a macula?

A

utriclulus, saccule and lagena

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31
Q

What is the function of a macula?

A

area that senses vibrations

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32
Q

What do the macula have that sense vibrations?

A

thousands of sensory hair cells with a stone on top

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33
Q

What are the stones on top of the sensory hair cells called?

A

otoconia

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34
Q

What are the utricle, saccule and lagena involved with?

A

balance and sound reception

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35
Q

Where are the otoconia located?

A

in cupula-cap

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36
Q

What kinds of stones are there?

A

Internal - smoke stones - indigneous

external - silica stones - come in through endolymphatic ducts

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37
Q

What does the cupula do?

A

increase the height of the hair cells

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38
Q

What covers the cristae ampullaris?

A

sensory hair cells and capula

no otoconia

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39
Q

WHere is the capula located?

A

on top of the hair cells

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40
Q

Are hair cells oriented in the same direction?

A

No

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41
Q

Where are the cristae located?

A

at the inside of the semicircular cannal

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42
Q

What structures do not have otoconia, but have hair cells?

A

macula neglecta

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43
Q

What does the parssuperior do?

A

detects exceleration, posture,locomotive stability and visual stability of the eyes

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44
Q

What is involved with hearing?

A

macula neglecta and macula sacculus

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45
Q

What has stereo cillia and kinocillia?

A

?

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46
Q

What do each of the sacculus, utriculus and lagena have?

A

macula-area that senses vibrations

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47
Q

WHat happens when the hair cells bend?

A

one way causes polarization, the other way depolarizes

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48
Q

What is the parietal fossa?

A

a cone shaped region on top of the skull
mainly skin tissue with very little cartilage
facilates hearing
has a channel to the macula neglecta

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49
Q

What is part of hearing?

A

macula neglecta and macula saculla

inner ear is close together

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50
Q

What is the neuromast?

A

transducer (amplifier)
subdermal canal
runs inside the dermis
has neuromasts inside

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51
Q

What is the lateral line?

A

a canal nueromast system

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52
Q

What are free neuromasts?

A

pit organs or superficial nueromasts

little nueromasts on the surface of the shark, skate or ray

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53
Q

Where do they lie in sharks?

A

in pits with modified scales around them

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54
Q

Wat area has many nueromasts?

A

cristae

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55
Q

What kind of nerves and what do they do?

A

pimary afferent nerves

transduce mechanical motion into energy

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56
Q

What does the lateral line detect and how far away?

A

struggling prey and water direction

1-2 body lengths

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57
Q

Does the canal nueromast system always have pores to the outside?

A

no, skates and rays have no openings to the outside

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58
Q

Where are free nueromasts located?

A

face, head and posterior lateral canal

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59
Q

What is inside the canal system?

A

endolymphs- mechanical receptors of vibrations

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60
Q

Who has the true lateral line system?

A

sharks, skates, and rays

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61
Q

What frequency do they respond to?

A

10-200 hz

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62
Q

What is the eye?

A

conservative

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63
Q

What is the order of tissue layers in the eye?

A

sclera, argentea, chloroid then retina

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64
Q

What shape is the retina?

A

generally round

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65
Q

What is the clear layer and where is it in the eye?

A

cunjuctiva inthe cornea

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66
Q

Were is the aqueous humur and vetrous humos?

A

aqueous humor is anterior

vitreous humor is posterior

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67
Q

What keeps the eye ridig?

A

water

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68
Q

what is the iris?

A

the opening

69
Q

What is the pupil?

A

the dark section

70
Q

How much does the cornea bend the light and how dense is it?

A

not much

dense as seawater

71
Q

What is the refractive index of the lense? Why?

A

very high refractive index because it is spherical

72
Q

What does the lense do?

A

beens the light rays and focuses

73
Q

How does the lense focus?

A

It is moved back and forth

74
Q

What can most elsmobranchs do?

A

restrict the pupil

75
Q

WHat do some sharks have?

A

nictitating membrane- 3rd membrane

Carcharhinids-white sharks do not have them

76
Q

How do sharks protect the eye?

A

nictitating membrane

roll it back into the condrocranium

77
Q

What can whale sharks do with their eye?

A

pull it back into the socket

78
Q

Do elsmobranchs have rods and cones?

A

mostly have rods, few cones for receptors

skates only have rods

79
Q

What are cones used for?

A

photopic vision-bright conditions

80
Q

What are rods used for?

A

scotopic vision-dim light conditions

81
Q

How is color seen?

A

with many different pigmented cones

82
Q

Do sharks see color?

A

generally no, sharks only have one type of cone

It is believed some may

83
Q

What is an occlusible tapetum lucidum?

A

also called occlusible layer

it is a retractable layer that has guanine crystals

84
Q

What do the guanine crystals allow?

A

light to be rebounded on the same path to allow them to see better at night
reflective layer that allows higher sensitivity at night
ex. gulper shark

85
Q

What is a visual streak and areae?

A

Dense band of receptors

86
Q

If the streak is on the bottom where does the animal see best?

A

above

ex. tiger shark

87
Q

How are visual streaks grouped?

A

visual streaks correlate to habitat and feeding behavior

88
Q

Do spots have higher or lower density than streaks?

A

Higher

89
Q

What are the biological functions of the electrosensory system?

A

prey detection
geomagnetic compass sense
predator detection
social behavior and mating

90
Q

What is the stingray courtship and reproductive behavior?

A

Females bury in the sand.

Males search, locate, court and mate

91
Q

How do males detect buried females?

A

By their electro discharge

males orient based on the electric field produced by the female

92
Q

Where are sharks taste buds?

A

All inside the mouth

93
Q

How do sharks use electromagnetic induced electric field for long distance travel?

A

As it swims perpendicular to the earths magnetic field it may produce a current

94
Q

Are sharks passive or active elctrosensory fish?

A

passive, they do not have organs to create electricity

95
Q

What do ampullae of lorenzine respond to?

A

low currents of alternating(ac) and direct (dc) currents.

96
Q

What are ampullae of lorenzine filled with?

A

gel

97
Q

How big are the ampullae of lorenzine?

A

larger than the lateral line pores

98
Q

What do alveoli have?

A

a resting discharge rate

always firing

99
Q

How far does ampullae of lorenzine work?

A

10s of cm

max 1/2 meter

100
Q

How sensitive are the ampullae of lorenzine?

A

very sensitive, less than 5 nV per cm

101
Q

What do animals excret that sharks detect?

A

ions - dc current
muscle contractions - ac current
sharks detect muscle movement by the change in ions

102
Q

What does the detection cause?

A

the shark to bite

103
Q

What is age?

A

a quantitative description of the LENGTH OF TIME that an organism has lived

104
Q

What is growth?

A

is the change in body length between TWO POINTS in time

105
Q

What is growth rate?

A

a measure of change in fish size as a FUNCTION OF TIME

106
Q

What kind of growth do elasmobranch have?

A

indeterminate growth-increase in life but are asmyttoic

107
Q

Why is it important to study growth?

A

fisheries management
conservation
etc

108
Q

How is age verification completed?

A

look for growth rings in vertebrae, dorsal spines, nueral arches, caudal thorns
There is an error factor-donot know the rate at which the rings are laid.

109
Q

What is age determination?

A

Confirming an age estimate by comparison with other indeterminate methods

110
Q

What are indeterminate methods?

A

using rings on spine or vertebrae

111
Q

How do you prepare a vertebrae?

A

1-Its frozen or soaked in alcohol
2-centrum exposure(remove tissue)
3-soaked in DI water, bleach or formic acid
4- cut transverse(horizontal) or saggital (vertical)
5-Sometimes stain or x-rays

112
Q

What is ring/annuli?

A

narrow translucent band formed in water

113
Q

What is summer band?

A

broad opaque bands

114
Q

What is one year of growth?

A

1 winter and summer band

normally count rings

115
Q

What are different age validation methods?

A

teracycline- animal is captured measured and injected with teracycline then released. Once recaptured vertebrae is removed and cut into thin sections
Carbon dating-bonb carbondating can be completed for animals that were alive during nuclear testing(50-60s) -not precise

116
Q

What is age validation?

A

checking accuracy of age by comparing it to determinate methods

117
Q

WHat is the von Bertalanffy growth equation?

A

It is utilized for the dtermination of shark growth rate in accordance to length.
Determines age and growth

118
Q

What is Lt?

A

length of the fish at time t

119
Q

What is L-infinity?

A

asymptotic length (not largest fish caught) (hypothetical length that the shark could grow to)

120
Q

What is k?

A

growth coefficient

121
Q

What is t0?

A

back calculated x-intercept (no biological value)
uses age at length data-must capture hundreds of sharks and age the vertebrae
plot the data, solving for two things at once(k and L-infinity)

122
Q

What can use besides length?

A

weight

123
Q

What elasmobranch grows faster?

A

rays

124
Q

WHat is the range of k?

A

Sharks-0.1-0.2

Rays and skates 0.2-0.3

125
Q

What gender grows faster in sand tiger sharks?

A

Both grow at the same rate
Females are pregnant every other years-reproductive cycle is every 2 years. Two young each litter. Have a resting period between litters.

126
Q

What is the maturity and max age of rays?

A

5-6

26

127
Q

What is the maturity and max age of dogfish?

A

12-14

13-14

128
Q

What is the maturity and max age of Carchardon carcharias, white shark?

A

8-13

35

129
Q

What is the maturity and max age of Centrophorus squamosus?

A

45

55-70

130
Q

What contributes to over fishing?

A 
low k value
long time to maturity
long gestation period
low fecundity
long lived
131
Q

What is unique about the Altantic sharp nose shark?

A

in the east coast it matures in 2-4 yrs and lives 10

in the gulf it matures in 1.3-1.6 yrs and lives5.5

132
Q

What is home range?

A

the area that in animal habitually roams
95% of the area that the animal uses
to determine the animal must be monitored

133
Q

What is the minimal convex polygon?

A

it connects the outer dots

but it can over estimate the area

134
Q

What is another way to estimate area?

A

Kernal utilization distribtion method

135
Q

What is the Kernal utilization distribtion method?

A

a statistical method to determine an animals space utilization
mathematical program

136
Q

What is a territory?

A

an area that is actively or overtly(marking) defended

137
Q

What are different tracking methods?

A 
direct observation
catch data
acoustic telemetry
acoustic monitoring
satellite telemetry/archival tags
animal-borne video systems
138
Q

What are the problems with direct observation?

A

need good water quality
daytime hours
difficult to identify individuals of the study
must identify them by markings

139
Q

What is catch data?

A

determines habitat by where the species are being caught

140
Q

What are the problems with using catch data?

A

no detailed individual movements
unknown habitat preference
equipment more specific to certain species or sizes

141
Q

What is an example species of catch data?

A

juvenile lemon sharks prefer shallow coastal habitats in the bahamas

142
Q

What are the benifits of dart tags?

A

inexpensive
easy to use
may be used along with electronic tags

143
Q

What are the problems to using dart tags?

A

fall off
low recovery success
large boat time
doesn’t tell you where the animals are between release and capture

144
Q

What is accoustic telemetry?

A

It uses ultrasonic waves, pings are picked up by a hydrophone, for a limited amount of time

145
Q

What are the problems with accoustic telemetry?

A

only track for a short time
only one individual
there is a human disturbance factor
if you lose the animal thats it

146
Q

What dives were tracked for the blue shark?

A

dives to 400m at nights - forging

147
Q

What did data from a tagged tiger shark reveal?

A

Have large home ranges and move across open ocean

148
Q

Where are tags placed?

A

dorsal

also internally inserted into coelm, skin grows over within 24hrs

149
Q

How did juvenile bull sharks move?

A

In the caloosahatchee river, physical factors such as salinity. Use river for osmoregulation and shelter

150
Q

What is acoustic monitoring/static array?

A

semi-permanent data logger are placed throughout a specfic area and sharks are recorded as they ping the sensors. effective distance was 250-500m

151
Q

How is information accessed for acoustic monitoring?

A

it must be downloaded by a boat or diver

152
Q

What are the problems acoustic monitoring/static array?

A

only animals in the area can be monitored

not that accurate

153
Q

What did data on blacktip sharks in terra ceia bay show?

A

Prey were located in the south
sharks were located in the north
they think it is used for nursery habitat

154
Q

How do sharks respond to storm?

A

sharks generally dont leave nursery areas
13 tagged juveniles fled the bay before the storm
sharks returned 5 to 13 days
thought change in pressure was detected by sharks

155
Q

What detected the pressure change?

A

Edolmpatic pores

156
Q

What is satellite telemetry?

A

tagged sharks are recorded by satellites

provides information on movement, migration and habitat

157
Q

How is data collected from satellite telemetry?

A

data is stored and transmitted via satellite to station
tagged trasnmitted when on the surface for a period of time
if info is stored then it is archival satellite

158
Q

What is a PSAT

A

pop off satellite archival tag

it corrodes or comes off after a set period of time and the tag is retrieved.

159
Q

What information is record on a PSAT?

A

position, depth, salinity
collect meny variables
wide species possibilities
get more data if the tag is retrieved

160
Q

What is the problem with a satellite telemtry?

A

cant use them on small animals
limited species study
accuracy

161
Q

What did satellite tags in salmon sharks reveal?

A

sharks move south with the water temperatures
During winter and spring move south into larger habitat
track long term movements

162
Q

What is the problem with a PSAT?

A

usually must recapture or obtain tag
expensive
bulky
for large amounts of data tag must be retrieved

163
Q

What did PSAT information from white sharks reveal?

A

transoceanic migration from south africa to australia

another study - white sharks move out into the pacific to feed

164
Q

What did PSAT information from whale sharks reveal?

A

they aggregate during large plankton blooms from upwelling off of isla holbox
ram filter feeding on the surface, were also seen vertical suction feeding
make deep dives at sunrise and sunset- possible for thermoregulation, parasite removal

165
Q

What area did the whale shark travel?

A

some went west into the gulf
some went into the straits of cuba
one went into the atlantic possibly for pupping

166
Q

What is animal-Borne video systems?

A

onboard camera(critter cam)
supplies detailed information
see what the animal sees

167
Q

What are the problems with animal-Borne video systems?

A

limited tape
recapture to retrieve camera
expensive and technical
must have high water quality, daytime

168
Q

What did studies in australia reveal about the tiger shark?

A

prefers shallow water habitats
don’t chase, prefer to stock, use stealth and close approaches
eye concentration of cones and rods is on the ventral side

Sharks (4 decks)

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