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Sharks > Sharks Exam 2 > Flashcards

Sharks Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are types of predatory behavior?

A

chasing, hunting by speculation, ambushing, stalking, luring, scavenging

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2
Q

What type of body makes sharks ideal hunters?

A

Fusiform

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3
Q

What kind of feeders are sharks?

A

Opportunistic feeders

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4
Q

What is speculative hunting?

A

They hunt in area that they assume will have fish or

follow another animal that may lead it to food. This is a learned or innate/genetically programmed behavior.

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5
Q

Example of speculative feeding?

A

Rays position themselves at high tide water movement areas and wait to be flushed out.
Tiger sharks aggregate during june/july during fledging periods of birds, eating the them as they land on the water.

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6
Q

What is ambushing?

A

Hidden, waits for prey to come to it, then launches at prey as it comes by.

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7
Q

What is stalking?

A

Uses stealth and approaches prey.

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8
Q

What is the difference between stalking and ambushing?

A

Ambushing prey comes to it, where stalking predator goes to prey

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9
Q

What kind of hunting do white sharks do?

A

stalking and speculation

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10
Q

What is luring and example?

A

Lure prey to eat. Cookiecutter sharks glow or flash and fish are attracted to it. Parasitic shark.
Kite fin and Greenland do similar
White tip shark is believed to attract prey with tips of fins. Hunt in groups one lures fish in until it is surrounded.

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11
Q

WHat does a tiger shark do?

A

scavenge but not exclusively. dead whales and fish

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12
Q

Do sharks do cooperative or group foraging?

A

possibly, not known if its cooperative or aggregations. Aggregations of shark work together to feed.
Sevengill sharks encircle a seal slowly tightening the circle until one strikes.
Thresher sharks herd fish with tail.
Black tip drive bait on to the beach
Generally eat one at a time.

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13
Q

How do sharks avoid predation?

A

disruptive coloring, false eye spot, cyrpsis, spines, large body size, electric discharge, crypsis and immobility

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14
Q

What is disruptive coloring?

A

morphology-has patterns, bar up/down or stripes head to tail

ex. rays blend in with surrounding to avoid hammerhead

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15
Q

What is false eye spot, how does it work?

A

Large round spots generally in a location that is affordable to lose. Other thought is that it startles the fish enough to get away.
Eye is big, makes fish look bigger.

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16
Q

What is crypsis?

A

has appendages that look like seaweed or coral. Acts like camo, allow them to hide to catch prey and be hidden.
Can have both crypsis and disruptive coloring

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17
Q

How do spines help?

A

Most are poisonous spines. ie Horned shark

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18
Q

Example of avoiding predation with large body?

A

Whale shark

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19
Q

What is capable of electric discharge?

A

California electric ray and common electric

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20
Q

How do crypsis & immobility work?

A

Ray buries itself in the sand and remains still until prey comes by or it detects the electrical signal

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21
Q

How do sharks behaviorly avoid predation?

A

refuging, display, schooling

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22
Q

What are two types of refuging?

A

biotic refuging-gather in a group, hide in numbers, not necessarily school
abiotic refuging-move to shallow water

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23
Q

What is the apparent looming threshold?

A

the point at which the distance and the size of the object makes one flee.
An advantage to having a long beak, fish focus on the body size and don’t see the beak until it is too late

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24
Q

How do behavioral displays work?

A

drops pectoral fin, then moves up and down in the water column. Confused, attacking and withdrawing, attacks out of fear

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25
Q

Are these proven predation behaviors?

A

No, none of these have ever been proven

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26
Q

How does schooling avoid predation?

A

Reduced predation due to the confusion affect. Predators cant fixate on one fish when there are many moving.
Also diluted affect-the predator cant eat all of the fish.

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27
Q

Fish are considered schooling when?

A

they are polarized and synchronized. increased vigilance.

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28
Q

What are types of prey capture?

A

suction feeding, bite feeding, ram feeding

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29
Q

What is pure suction feeding?

A

predator is stationary and prey is moving or being sucted out
ex.bamboo and nurse, spotted eagle ray

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30
Q

What is pure ram feeding?

A

prey is not moving only predator
predator moving at high rate, prey is stationary
ex. white shark-very little suction

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31
Q

What is bite feeding?

A

prey is not moving
predator moving at medium rate, prey is stationary
ex.hammerhead shark uses cephalofoil to stun ray then bites

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32
Q

What type of mouth do suction feeders have?

A

round small mouth, laterally occluded by labial cartilage (swings forward making opening), rapid jaw opening ( 35ms to open), enlarged hypertrophied jaw abductor muscle, small teeth, little cranial elevation

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33
Q

What type of mouth do ram and biting feeders have?

A

larger mouth with lateral gape, slower mouth opening, powerful jaw adductor muscles, large cutting teeth, cranial elevation during capture

34
Q

What is the ancestral feeding method?

A

Suction feeding

35
Q

what is the suction feeding range?

A

3-5 cm

36
Q

What sharks are generalist feeders?

A

Dogfish and leopard, suction and ram

37
Q

What are types of filter feeding?

A

intermittent suction filter feeding - open and clothes mouth
ex.megamouth and whale shark
continuous ram filter feeding-mouth always open
ex.manta ray, basking shark

38
Q

What type of feeding does a megamouth do?

A

engulfment feeding

39
Q

What type of jaw do sharks, skates and rays have?

A

Sharks have hyostyly - jaws connected to cranium by hyoid and anterior ligament
Skates and rays have euhyostyly-jaws connected to cranium by hyoid only

40
Q

What are the functions of protrusion?

A

1-shark or ray can pick things off the bottom
2-gouges pieces of prey
3-decreases the time to close the mouth
4-may align the mouth with the prey better
5-allows to reposition the prey or bite

41
Q

What is monognathic heterodonty?

A

each jaw has one type of teeth

42
Q

What is dignathic heterodonty?

A

different teeth on one jaw

43
Q

What type of teeth do rays have?

A

Mouth plates

44
Q

What kind of teeth do indeterminant growth animals have?

A

polydont teeth, teeth get bigger as animal grows bigger

45
Q

Do biologists use pressure or force for biting?

A

bite force
to penetrate it takes 10-20N
Leaning is pressure not force

46
Q

How is bite force related to shark size?

A

The larger the shark the higher the bite force.
ex. Bull shark, TL285 cm, 478lb on front, 1330lb on back
Bonnet head, TL 96 on front, 35.4lb on back

47
Q

Where is bite force greatest?

A

Closest to the hinge

48
Q

How do sharks remove on wanted objects from their stomachs?

A

They invert it

ex. Mako. Dogfish cannot invert stomach

49
Q

Are intestines the same?

A

No, four different kinds of folds. Carnivores have short intestines. Herbivores have long

50
Q

Does diet vary among sharks?

A

yes, Large sharks eat marine mammals

small sharks eat fish

51
Q

What is Ontogenetic dietary switch?

A

A sharks diet changes as it grows. teeth change as well.

52
Q

How do we analyze stomach contents?

A

gastric evulsion-types include: stable isotope analyzes (isotopes change with type of food), PVC pipe/hand, flush out stomach
however diet is biast to hard stuff, versus soft tissue

53
Q

What is total gastric evacuation time?

A

varies considerably but longer than bony fish. greater than 50-100 hours

54
Q

Preferred diet of sharks?

A

S. tiburo - blue crab
P. glauca(blue shark)-squid
H. francisci(CA horned shark)-urchins
White sharks - switch bony to marine with growth

55
Q

How long do sharks feed?

A

intermittent feeders-not eating machines-opportunistic
whale sharks feed 7-8hrs
some eat once may not eat again for several days
eat 1-3% of body weight per day

56
Q

What time of day do sharks prefer?

A

Little evidence of increased feeding at dusk or dawn
velocity goes up at night many nocturnal
ex bonnethead, horned shark and nurse

57
Q

What is the difference between red muscle and white muscle?

A

Red muscle is for continuous swimming

white muscle is for burst speeds

58
Q

What kind of fish maintain warm muscles?

A

tuna and lamnid sharks

59
Q

Where is lamnid sharks RM?

A

It is in the center of the shark, right and left of the vertebrae column.

60
Q

How did the twitch time vary?

A

RM had 3s long twitch duration - Q10 of 3.7

WM had 51-143 ms,Q10of 2.

61
Q

What are the stable temp of each muscle?

A

RM - 26C or higher, low temp long twitch duration slow muscle movement, high temp faster twitch
WM - 10-26C, muscle twitch remained constant over change

62
Q

WHat happens if RM cools?

A

It will cease to contract, fish will sink and die

63
Q

What else does RM warm?

A

White muscle

64
Q

Endothermy vs ectothermy

A

internally regulated via red (s) muscle vs environment regulates heat

65
Q

What is rete mirable?

A

it is a network of countercurrent blood vessels.
-the heat is transferred to the blood going the opposite way. the heat is internalized and does not dissipate to the outside
muscle contractions generate heat

66
Q

What shark family is endothermic?

A

lamnidae-mako, salmon, white and parbeagle

67
Q

WHat special features do lamnideas have?

A

lateral cutaneous rete
sometimes an orbital rete-eye
suprahepatic rete - anterior to the liner
higher metabolic rate

68
Q

What is the temp of Mako, white and salmon?

A

Mako - 8C
White - 14C
Salmon - 18C

69
Q

What are the common factors between endothermic tunas and sharks?

A
  • RM is typically medial towards the red line and anterior
  • elevated body temperatures; rete
  • myotomes-most elongated
  • thunniform and homocircal tail
  • red muscle is separated from the white muscle by loose connective tissue (red contraction is out of phase with the white contraction)
70
Q

Where do tendions run down?

A

core of myoseptum to tail.

71
Q

WHat do tendions do?

A

transfer force down to tail

72
Q

WHat order to the RM and WM fire in?

A

White first, red second = eventually i sequence

73
Q

What is tendions in phase with?

A

white muscle

74
Q

Why are muscle separate?

A

so they can fire separately

75
Q

Why do sharks warm their bodies?

A

move better, swim faster

stay warm as they dive- maintain speed and power

76
Q

What do endothermic sharks have?

A

large gills, relatively large hearts, greater hemoglobin levels, higher enzyme activity

77
Q

WHat is Q10?

A

the rate of change for every 10 degrees

78
Q

What muscle has a higher twitch time?

A

RM overall was greater

79
Q

Who is an obligate endotherm?

A

lamna ditropis-salmon shark

  • has to keep swimming to maintain body temperature
  • if it loses heat to RM it will never regain
80
Q

What is the difference between isometric and isotonic?

A

Isometric is where the muscle TRIES to contract

Isotonic is where the muscle DOES contract

Sharks (4 decks)

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