Sharks Exam 1 Flashcards
All Chondricthyes have?
tesserae, claspers, placoid scales, polyphyodont teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, skull has no sutures, fins have cartilage and ceratrichia, no swim bladder
What does Chondricthyes include?
Elasmobranchii and holocephali
What is Holocephali?
Chimaeras
What do elasmobranchii include?
cladoselache, xenacanthus, ctenacanthus, hybodus, galeomorphs, squaliformes, batoidea
What does euselachii include?
hybodus, Galeomorphs, squaliformes, batoidea
What does Neoselachii include?
Galeomorphs, squaliformes, Batoidea
What does squalea include?
Squaliformes and batoidea
What was unique to Chimeras?
upper fused jaw to cranium, operculum covers four gill slit, male head clasper, swim with pectoral fin, some have bifurcated claspers
What belongs to Chimeras?
ratfish
What do cladoselache have?
Two Spines?
What is included in the order - Carchariniformes?
catsharks, houndsharks, carcharhinidae - requiem sharks, sphyridae - hammerhead sharks (bonnethead)
What is included in the order of Lamniformes?
sandtiger, goblin, crocodile, megamouth, thresher, basking, mackerel sharks - white shark
What is included in the order of Orectolobiformes?
Carpet, wobbegong, bamboo, nurse, zebra, wale sharks
What is included in the order of Heterodontiformes?
Bullhead sharks - different kinds of teeth, pointy and crushing, spine on back dorsal
What is included in the order of Hexanchiformes?
frill, sevengill, six gill - squalomorphi
What is included in the order of Echinorhiniformes?
Bramble and prickly sharks - have modified scales
What is included in the order of Squaliformes?
sleeper, Greenland, lantern, dogfish, gulper, kitefin, rough sharks, cookiecutter
What is included in the order of squatiniformes?
angel sharks - depressed sharks live on the bottom
What is included in the order of Pristiophoriformes?
saw sharks - rostrum with teeth, live on bottom
What are characteristic of batoid?
kinetic upper jaw, 5 ventral gill slits, males one clasper on each pelvic fin, dorsoventrally flattened, pectorals fused to head, most derived - split later
What is included in Batoidea?
skates, rays and pristiformes, rhinobatiformes, torpedoformes, rajiformes, myliobatiformes,
What is pristiformes?
saw fish
What is Rhinobatiformes?
guitarfishes - extendable jaw
What is Rajiformes?
skates - walking appendages
What is Torpediniformes?
electric rays - active electric fish, recharge after use
What is Myliobatiformes?
stingrays - cownose and butterfly rays, himantura (freshwater)
What is heterocercal fin?
Larger fin on top then bottom. Non equal size fin.
What is the spiracle?
air hole
What is on the end of scales?
Bone
Where did shark come from?
derived from boney fish, lost bone, more flexible, lighter
What may be the closest ancestor?
Placoderms
What are tesserae?
prismatic calcified cartilage
mini tiles that strengthen cartilage
on all cartilage
sheet of tesserae
outside of skeleton, inside has uncalcified cartilage
composite material and looks like sandwich
more for strength
What are claspers?
males have extension of pelvic fin
mature males extend past pelvic fin
hard calcified
What determines relativeness in species?
molecular testing
What is special about Cladoselache?
extinct, 5 gill slits, terminal mouth, cladodont teeth, unrestricted notochord turns up ( rod supports back)
What is special about Xenacanthus?
extinct, freshwater, terminal mouth, bottom dwellers, tapered tail
What is special about Ctenacanthus?
extinct, terminal mouth, notochord heterodont teeth, tail more heterocercal
Placoid scales are also called?
Dermal Denticles
What kind of growth do sharks exhibit?
indeterminant growth (continous)
How are teeth attached?
Collagen fibers
WHat kind of intestine do some have?
spiral - to increase surface area
What is a cloaca?
It is where all internal tubes end.
Is spiracle an ancestoral trait?
Yes
What are horizontal teeth?
tooth series
What are tooth row?
family, file
What is smell called?
Offaction-smell does not go to the mouth
What is the lateral line?
Pored canal, only have inner ear on posterior chrondocranium. no opening
What is electroreception?
Picks up electrivity through the ampullae of Lorenzini. Does not produce electricity
Who has thicker skin?
Females because males bite them to hold on during copulation. Skin has antibacterial properies.
When is the egg incapsulated?
after fertilization
What is oviparous?
egg hatches after leaving the body. skates
What is viviparous?
bear live young - yolk sac placenta
What is ovoviparous?
live birth without placenta
WHat are muscle bundles called?
myomeres-tapered and w shaped, run anterior to posterior. seperated by myoseptum, attached to epidermis, merge to two big tendions
What does the w pattern allow?
the muscle contractions to spread all the way to the tail. muscles almost isocentric, prevents bulging
What is the purpose of a homocircle tail?
fast swimming sharks, high aspect ratio tail
What is high aspect ratio?
Height is larger than width
What do sharks use for bounancy?
liver is large and is filled with squalene(lipid),but does not provide enough still negatively bounant
Where is the force in the tail directed?
Anterial dorsal
Where and how are collagen fibers used?
In the dermis layer of the skin, fibers are cross helically wound at 55-60 angle. Allows shark to be pressurized. Stores and saves energy. Pressures comes and goes with movement.
What are the two types of locomotion?
undulation and oscillation
What are the body parts used?
BCF-body caudal fin
MPF-medium paired fin
WHat are the four categories of locomotion?
Anguilliform
Subcarangiform
Carangiform
Thunniform
What is oscillation?
up and down ex manta ray
WHat is undulation?
wave like movement. stingrays
wave goes faster than the body, loses energy
What is axial undulation?
travels the entire length of the body
What is anguilliform?
movement travels greater than one wavelength down the body at a time
ex dogfish, slow locomotion
What is subcarangiform?
Posterior half of the body is used. less than one wavelength. slowest form
ex. hammerhead, caribbean reef shark
What is carangiform?
The wave is in the posterios third of the body
ex. ? boney ex. jack
What is thunniform?
movement mostly in the caudal pedunlce and caudal fin. fast movement. cruising specialists, high lift to drag ratio, thrust goes through the center of the body.
ex.mako and white, bony ex tuna
What is BCF?
body caudal fin
What is MPF?
medium paired fin
What is critical swimming speed?
The speed at which they can swim constantly with aerobic respiration
what is burst speed?
not aerobic
What is the equation for mim energy expenditure?
V=0.5L^0.43
What kind of swimming do Chimeras do?
Combo of undulation and oscillation
Who uses BCF undulation?
lesser electric ray
What is the angle of sharks pectoral fins?
negative dihedral angle
What are the characteristics of a negative dihedral angle?
More maneuverable, but unstable
How is the positive dihedral different?
very stable
How is holding accomplished?
The body is at an angle, lift is generated by the body and the caudal fin. No lift is generated by the pectorial fins.
How is sinking accomplished?
The animal puts its body at a negative angle. The pectorial fins angle up. The angle of the tail thrust does not change
How is rise accomplished?
It raises the angle of the body. Generates more lift. Uses the muscles and brings the pectorial fins down, generating upward lift. The angle of the caudal fin does not change.
WH rays are true punters?
Raja eglanteria and Narcine brasiliensis
What is punting?
Both crura move at the same time in the sma direction.
How are the crura attached?
THe crura are a part of the pelvic fin
What is swimming?
Swimming is the transfer of momentum from the fish to the water
What is skin friction?
also called viscous drag - the friction of the individual water particles.
What is boundary layer?
it is very close to the surface, from 0-.99 m/s, where there is zero water movement.
Where is skin friction greatest?
with smooth surfaces, but pressure drag is reduced with smooth surfaces and reduce surface area
WHat is pressure or inertia drag or form drag
difference between the front and the back
What is lift?
raises the animal up. Make an airfoil or wing concave it flows over the top greater
What happens when water flows over scales?
There is back flow over any object. When water flows over mako flank scales they erect as it tries to make back flow but is prevented. This reduces drag. Scales are with in the turbulent boundary layer. Only flank scales are erectable.
Where are scales located?
In the dermis
Less body movement equals?
faster
What ray went the farthest distance?
D sabina, not sig different from U. jamalcensis
What ray was the fasted?
R. eglenteria, sig different from the rest
What ray had the largest duty factor?
R. eglenteria sig diff from the others
D. sabina was sig diff from the others - slowest
What is duty factor?
the percentage of the entire punting event that the anterior edge of the pelvic fin was in contact with the substrate
WHat ray had the largest pelvic fin surface area ratio?
N. Brasilliensis, sig diff from others
What was muscularly different about the punters?
Had Lateral pelvic process that the muscles attached to. This allowed better leverage. Also had extra muscle called proximal propterygium depresser and distal proterygium levator.
