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Sharks > Sharks Exam 3 > Flashcards

Sharks Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Are bull sharks euryhaline or stenohaline?

A

euryhaline

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2
Q

What allows the bull shark to live in freshwater?

A

high ion concentration

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3
Q

What controls osmoregulation?

A

kidney, gut, skin, gills and rectal gland(digitform)

They act as barrier and allow movement of water and ion

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4
Q

How much nitrogen do they take in?

A

More than they need. Must excrete excess nitrogen. some as urea

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5
Q

Where is nitrogen excreted?

A

kidney or gills

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6
Q

How is some reabsorded?

A

active transport

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7
Q

What does a build up of urea in the body do?

A

regulates osmolarity

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8
Q

What problem does this create and how is it fixed?

A

it is damaging to tissue.

They manufacture and store TMAO-trimethylamineoxide, it stables protein and prevents damage.

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9
Q

WHy are sharks slightly hyperosmotic?

A

They have higher urea in muscle and body TMAO

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10
Q

What is hyperosmotic vs hypoosmotic?

A

hyper is higher, hypo is lower

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11
Q

What does the rectal gland do?

A

Removes salt from body and dumps into lumen

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12
Q

WHat is in the rectal gland?

A

chloride cells

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13
Q

Where does most of the urine go?

A

accessary urinary duct

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14
Q

What kind of kidney do they have?

A

opisthonephric kidney

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15
Q

Where does the glomerulus lie?

A

renal capsule-fluid leaks out of the capsule

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16
Q

What is the excretory duct?

A

eprinecetric duct

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17
Q

Why do sharks have long tubes?

A

to have a higher concentration of urine

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18
Q

What is in seamen?

A

spermatozoa and other stuff.

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19
Q

What is sperm?

A

spermatozoa

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20
Q

Lake Nicaguara bulls have high output of?

A

urine

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21
Q

WHere is salt lost at?

A

gills-more salt than water

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22
Q

What direction do chloride cells work?

A

Opposite direction-brings salt in via ATP pump

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23
Q

What is different about Nicaguara bulls?

A

They have reduced rectal glands. THey don’t want to get rid of salt.

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24
Q

What are marine sharks to seawater?

A

slightly hyperosmotic

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25
Q

In marine sharks, Is sodium chloride higher or lower than seawater?

A

lower than seawater

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26
Q

Are inorganic salts higher or lower than seawater? WHat are they?

A

Lower - mg, so4

1/3 of seawater level

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27
Q

Where does water enter the shark?

A

gills and food

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28
Q

WHere does water leave?

A

Lots of water excreted through the kidney

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29
Q

Was size is the glomerulus in marine sharks?

A

large

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30
Q

Where does sodium chloride enter and exit?

A

Enters through the gills and food

Exits through the rectal gland

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31
Q

What is the freshwater ray in the Amazon river?

A

Potamytrygonidae

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32
Q

What size rectal gland do the Amazon Ray have?

A

small, don’t concentrate urea, but excrete lots of it

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33
Q

Are the Amazon rays hyperosmotic?

A

yes

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34
Q

What are the gills part of?

A

visceral skeleton and are supported by the branchial arteries

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35
Q

Where do the afferent arteries go?

A

bronachial arteries go toward the gills

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36
Q

Where do the efferent arteries go?

A

bronchial arteries go away from the gills

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37
Q

Elasmobranchs have what kind of gills?

A

septal

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38
Q

What are the gills made of?

A

cartilage

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39
Q

How many gills slit and cartilages?

A

5 gills slits and 4 cartilages

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40
Q

What is a hemibranch vs holobranch?

A

hemibranch is one side
homobranch is both sides
4 holobranchs with one extra himeibranch

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41
Q

What is the purpose of the gill rakers?

A

keeps debris out of the gills, gills soft and bleed easy

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42
Q

How do Jacks kill sharks?

A

repeatedly hit the gills and make them bleed out

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43
Q

What are in dogfish and whale sharks spiracle?

A

pseudobranchs-small amount of gill tissue

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44
Q

Where does the spiracle get blood from?

A

efferent side an then goes to the eye, may help oxygenate the eye

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45
Q

Do lemon sharks have a spiracle?

A

no

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46
Q

DO ray and skates have spiracle?

A

large one, take in water and release it through the gill slits

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47
Q

How do white, basking and mako sharks breath?

A

ram ventilation, no correlation between ram ventilation and ram feeding

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48
Q

What other forms of ventilation are there?

A

force suction/buchal pumping ex white tip and nurse

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49
Q

Can nurse sharks tolerate hypoxia?

A

maybe

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50
Q

How do carribean reef sharks ventilate?

A

ram and force

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51
Q

What is the purpose of the secondary lamellae?

A

increases surface area

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52
Q

WHat does the secondary lamellae have in the epithelium?

A

basement membrane

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53
Q

WHat holds up the basement layer?

A

pilaster cells, pillar

54
Q

How do the blood and water run?

A

countercurrent

55
Q

What supplies blood to the secondary lamellae?

A

afferent arteriolar first to the secondary lamellae then to the efferent arteriole

56
Q

where does the gas exchange occur?

A

secondary lamellae

57
Q

WHat else occurs at the gills?

A

ion exchange, have special cell between secondary lamellae

58
Q

Why do we study reproduction?

A

conservation, embryology and fish farming

59
Q

What produces the eggs?

A

ovary-can be single or paired ovary

60
Q

what is the additional function of the ovaries?

A

produce hormones

61
Q

How many ovaries do Carcharhinus have?

A

one large may have vestiges of left

62
Q

What do the eggs look like?

A

May be large and yolky

63
Q

How is nutrient intake he in pups completed?

A

gills- some have yolk sac exchange

64
Q

How pups do Squalus have?

A

dogfish have 2

65
Q

What is the general vertebrate condition of fertilization?

A

Egg leaves the efferent pore in ovary. Enters coelom then goes into a single ostium via cilla uptake. Enters oviduct then into the noidamental or shell gland puts a coating or shell on the egg. Then it goes into the isthmus to the uterus to the vagine finally to cloaca.

66
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

shell gland/noidamental or ovary duct

67
Q

how long can FEMALE sharks store sperm?

A

up to a year

68
Q

Do male sharks store sperm?

A

some have a sperm sac of store

69
Q

How many testie do sharks have?

A

2

70
Q

How does the white tip reef shark copulate?

A

bites on, rap body around and inserts clasper

71
Q

How do big pelagic sharks copulate?

A

May swim belly to belly

72
Q

Which clasper is used in copulation?

A

either side- which one dictates what tube is used in female

73
Q

How do skates copulate?

A

May lie side to side, slow sperm transfer may last over an hour

74
Q

What special adaptation do skates have?

A

Malar-cheek and alar-wings spines
may help males hold on
only males
matures males have both, develop young in life

75
Q

Do nurse sharks block mating?

A

yes, display avoidance behavior by arching back and rolling

when ready they cup pelvic fins to direct claspers

76
Q

Where does the epigonal organ lie?

A

around the testies and organ

77
Q

What function does the epigonal organ play?

A

produces secretions for reproduction, leucocytes and immune

78
Q

What does the testie produce?

A

spermatozoa and hormones

79
Q

What path do sperm take?

A

they go to efferent ductules, then epididymis, vas deferns(ductules deferens) then seminal vesicles. there are secretions along the way

80
Q

Where does the urogenital papilla dump?

A

cloaca

81
Q

What is the function of the leydig gland?

A

Anterior end is involved in reproduction

posterios end is part of the kidney that produces urine

82
Q

WHat drains kidney?

A

accessory urine ducts

83
Q

Where does the clasper insert and how does it hold on?

A

base of the uterus

spurs erect after insertion

84
Q

What do claspers look like in mature males?

A

Hard, longer than pelvic fins

85
Q

How do southern stingrays mate?

A

vent to vent

multiple males with one female

86
Q

How do Atlantic stingrays mate?

A

males have pointy nose, teeth change to sharp during seven month mating period.
sperm is stored

87
Q

What are siphon sacs used for?

A

Maybe to force sperm out. Siphon sacs are filled with sea water then the water is forced out pushing sperm out in front.
Only has water during mating

88
Q

What are pheromones?

A

hormones that attract males

89
Q

Do skates and rays have a siphon sac? If not what do they have?

A

no, they have an alkaline gland and clasper gland

90
Q

What does the alkaline gland produce?

A

proteins that cause contractions of the uterus to draw seamen in

91
Q

What is the function of the clasper gland?

A

pumps secretions, chemicals, water and sperm, into clasper. may help nourish sperm
entire contents goes into female

92
Q

Can sharks have multiple paternity?

A

yes, been seen in nurse and lemon

93
Q

What is virgin birth?

A

In bonnethead, bamboo and black head: it is thought that the polar body may fertilize egg
Pups have been known to last for 5 yrs

94
Q

What is viviparity vs oviparity

A

Viviparity-live offspring born from female

oviparity- eggs layed by female

95
Q

What is oviparity?

A

external development of offspring

offspring hatch from egg cases

96
Q

Who does oviparity?

A

skates and some sharks Ex. heterodontidae - horn, scyliorhinidae - catshark, hemisyllidae - carpetshark

97
Q

What is the ancestrial condition?

A

oviparity

98
Q

WHere does the egg case develop?

A

Outside the body

use yolk reserve for food

99
Q

What strategies start with egg?

A

All

100
Q

How is a hammerhead born?

A

with the cephalofoil folded over

101
Q

How do nutrients cycle in egg cases?

A

throuhg tiny pores in egg case

shark beats its tail and circulates the water

102
Q

What is aplacental viviparity?

A

have yolk, may uses a placental analog or trophonemata

103
Q

What is viviparity?

A

live young are born once gestation is reached

ex. rays, guitarfish, sawfish, nurse, dogfish, sand tiger, lemon, hammerhead

104
Q

Who uses trophonemata and what are they?

A

Myliobatiformes- finger like extensions of the uterine

105
Q

What is the life cycle of a nurse shark?

A 
Gestation: 5-6 mo
Maturity: 10-20 yrs
Reproductive cycle: 2yrs
# of young 20-50
aplacental viviparity-nourishment is yolk egg case
106
Q

What is the life cycle of a dogfish shark?

A 
Gestation: 2 yr
Maturity: 12-14 yrs
Reproductive cycle: 2yrs
# of young 2-15 young
aplacental viviparity 
form a candle
107
Q

What is the life cycle of a sand tiger shark?

A 
Gestation: 12 mo
Maturity: 6-12 yrs
Reproductive cycle: 2yrs
# of young 1-2
aplacental viviparity - ovarian cannabalism
108
Q

What is ovarian cannabalism?

A

the first pup down eats the other unfertilized eggs has the come down
have specialized teeth, born with huge stomach and about 1 meter in legth

109
Q

How does the trophonemata work?

A

embryos sit on top of finger like protrusions and absorb histotroph (uterine milk)

110
Q

What is placental viviparity?

A

have yolk sac placenta
10% are
ex. hammerhead and lemon

111
Q

What are appendiculae?

A

some placenta have fuzzy things on cord to absorb nutrients

112
Q

What is the life cycle of a bonnethead?

A

Gestation: 4 1/2 mo
Maturity: 2-3 yrs
# of young 2-12
placental viviparity
mate in fall store sperm till spring in oviducal gland
Fertilize and have thin membrane added in oviducal gland
give birth in nursey areas

113
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

oviducal gland

114
Q

What is the general trend from oviparity to viviparity?

A

shift from oviparity to viviparity, few better developed young, many ways to nourish young

115
Q

What are the problems with viviparity?

A 
long period  before maturity
long reproductive cycle
small broods
low reproductive rate
low fecundity
easily over fished
all leads to overexploitation and non-sustainable shark and ray populations
116
Q

All skates are ______?

A

egg laying

117
Q

What are odor plumes?

A

Complex, dynamic, three-dimensional structures used by many animals to locate food, mates, home sites, etc.
Composed of dispersing odor patches and vorticity eddies

118
Q

Rheotaxis vs. Eddy Chemotaxis

A 
Rheotaxis
Orientation to the large-scale flow field
Eddy chemotaxis
Tracking the trail of small-scale, odor-flavored turbulence (tracking the wake of their moving prey)
Olfaction and lateral line canals
Pinpointing the source of the plume
Olfaction and lateral line canals
Energy dissipates faster
119
Q

What were the four targets?

A

Odor alone: odor nozzle
Odor/turbulence: brick on odor side
Seawater alone: nozzle without odor
Seawater/turbulence: brick on unflavored side

120
Q

Was there a significant difference Intact vs. Lesioned?

A

Lateral Line Intact
Light conditions – success rate = 100%; search time = 70 ± 10s
Dark conditions – success rate = 100%; search time = 63 ± 14s
Lateral Line Lesioned
Light conditions – success rate = 71%; search time = 291 ± 78 s
Dark conditions – success rate = 31%; search time = 508 ± 59 s

121
Q

What does this say about the typical food tracking behavior in M. canis?

A

While olfaction and turbulence play a primary role in the tracking of prey by M. canis, vision does not.

122
Q

What odor target had the most strikes for intact?

A

In light odor and turbulence 18 stirkes

123
Q

What odor target had the most strikes for intact?

A

in the dark odor alone 5

124
Q

Did the presence or absence of light have any significant effect on this preference?

A

no

125
Q

Based on these results, is there a difference in the target preference of M. canis with the lateral line intact vs. lesioned? In the light vs. dark?

A

Yes. While the odor treatment is still preferred over seawater in light conditions, there is less distinction in preference between odor alone and odor/turbulence. In the dark, there appears to be no significant preference for any one target.

126
Q

What occurred when a shark was attracted to a source area by an odor, but then nearby an electrode was switched on bypassing the nearby odor?

A

The electrode mimicked a breathing flounder and the shark would strike the electrode, ignoring the odor that initially brought it to the area.
Electroreception is chosen over odor

127
Q

What happened when sharks had a disabled lateral line?

A

No longer discriminated between the source of odor/turbulence and odor alone.
Increased search time
Lost precision

128
Q

What were intact animals more attracted turbulence paired with odor or the odor alone?

A

Animals were more attracted to turbulence on the odor side than odor by itself.

129
Q

Odor stimulation

A

Intact animals orient to mean flow of the flume
Visual information not critical
Olfaction triggers upstream swimming with info provided by lateral line

130
Q

What did the sharks exhibit when in light and in tact?

What happened in dark?

A

-Swam up stream and directly to odor plum
Majority of first strikes occurred on the source
Strikes then occurred on both targets on odor side and rarely on a target on seawater side
Pattern showed interest in target rather than first encounter
-No different than from in light
Showed vision is not needed

131
Q

What happened when lesioned in light?

What happened in dark?

A

-Displayed same search behavior but swam closer to bottom
-Few could locate source
Ran accidently into source
Frantic and erratic behavior
Most were unsuccessful
Motivated to find plum but was unable to find

Sharks (4 decks)

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