SG 7: Chap 10 Endocrine & Nervous System

Question 1

How does the nervous system and endocrine system contribute to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 1

The electrical signals of the nervous system move very rapidly along nervous tissue, while the chemical signals of the endocrine system act slowly in comparison and over a longer period of time. Working together, the nervous and endocrine systems allow your body to respond to short or long term changes in your environment. both systems regulate and coordinate the activities of all body systems.
Nervous: sends messages across synaptic clefts
endocrine: sends messages in bloodstream

Question 2

what is positive feedback mechanisms in the endocrine system? examples.

Answer 2

is when the outcome of a process feeds back to the system & stimulates the process to continue.
exp: during childbirth the pituitary gland releases the hormone oxytocin which stimulates the uterus to contract, and with more contraction it stimulates to release more oxytocin.

Question 3

what is negative feedback mechanisms in the endocrine system? examples.

Answer 3

is a homeostatic mechanisms in which the outcome of a process feeds back to the system and shutting the process down. it regulates the secretion of most hormones. typically a gland releases a hormone and then the high blood levels of that hormone inhibit its further release.
exp: the pancreas secretes the hormone insulin in response to high levels of glucose in the blood.

Question 4

exocrine glands vs endocrine glands

Answer 4

they both are glands(epithelial tissue that secretes a product.)
Exocrine: secretes their products into ducts leading to the body surface, cavities or organs exp: digestive enzymes, milk glands and oild/sweat glands in the skin.
Endocrine: lacks ducts and secrete hormones into the extracellular fluids(outside cell.) which the hormones diffuse into the bloodstream.

Question 5

what is a target cell?

Answer 5

hormones( the chemical messenger) come in contact with virtually all cells but most affect only a particular type of cell known as the target cell. these target cells have receptors(protein molecules) the recognize and bind to specific hormones.

Question 6

what happens when a hormone binds to its specific receptor?

Answer 6

this hormone receptor(protein molecule) begins to exert its effects on the cell

Question 7

what is a 2nd messanger?

Answer 7

the 2nd messenger is activated in the cytoplasm after the 1st messenger binds to the cell membrane. they are molecules within the cell that influence the activity of enzymes and cell that produce the effect of the hormone

Question 8

what is the chemical structure for a steroid hormone?

Answer 8

are lipid-soluble hormones, a group of hormones derived from cholesterol. these hormones move easily through the plasma membrane. once inside the target cell, these hormones combine with its receptor(protein molecule) either in the cytoplasm or nucleus. these complex attaches to the dna and activates certain genes.

Question 9

what is the chemical structure for a peptide hormone?

Answer 9

are water-soluble hormones and cant pass through the lipid bilayer membrane which results them not being able to enter the target cells themselves. these hormones are the first messangers that binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane of its target cell. this activates another molecule (2nd messanger) in the cytoplasm.

Question 10

where are steroid hormones secreted?

Answer 10

mainly in the organs of the testes, ovaries, and adrenal glands.

Question 11

where is the pituitary gland located? what are the two lobes?

Answer 11

it is suspended from the base of the brain by a short stalk. the stalk connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. located in the center of the skull. it consists of two lobes: the anterior lob(regarding the brain, its the one closest to the brain, in our view the one behind the other lobe) and posterior lobe: regarding its position to the brain it is the lobe behind but from our view it is the one in front.

Question 12

where is the location of the hypothalamus? and how does it regulate the pituitary gland?

Answer 12

the hypothalamus is the area of the brain that regulates physiological responses(body temp, sleeping, and water balance.) it is located right above the pituitary gland.

Question 13

what gland produces: Oxytocin

main acions:

Answer 13

Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus but stored in the posterior lobe. this hormone has two function: one is to stimulate the uterus contractions of childbirth and two to stimulate milk ejection from the mammary glands.

Question 14

what gland produces: prolactin

main acions:

Answer 14

is produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.

Question 15

what gland produces: antidiuretic

main acions:

Answer 15

(ADH) is produced in the hypothalamus but stored in the posterior lobe. the antidiuretic hormone’s main function is to conserve body water by decreasing urine output.

Question 16

what gland produces: growth factors

main acions:

Answer 16

is produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. it promotes cell division in cells of bones, cartilages, muscles and other tissues as well

Question 17

what gland produces: Calcitonin

main acions:

Answer 17

is secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and helps regulate the concentration of calcium Ca+ in the bloodstream by lowering the level of Ca+ to ensure the proper functioning of muscle cells and neurons.

Question 18

what gland produces: Parathyroid

main acions:

Answer 18

in contrast to calcitonin, parathyroid raises the level of Ca+ in the blood triggered by detection oflow levels of ca in the bloodstream.

Question 19

what gland produces: Glucocorticoids

main acions:

Answer 19

are secreted in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands. this hormone effects glucose levels, they act on the liver to promote the conservation of fat and protein to intermediate substances that are converted into glucose.
also assists in the reduction of inflammation.

Question 20

what gland produces: epinephrine(adenaline)

main acions:

Answer 20

is produced in the adrenal medulla and along with norepinephrine it is critical in the “flight-or-flight response.”

Question 21

what gland produces: norepinephrine

main acions:

Answer 21

is produced in the adrenal medulla and along with epinephrine(adenaline) it is critical in the “flight-or-flight response.” when in a stressful in way of harm event occurs, these two hormones along with the sympathetic nervous system react to either fight or flight

Question 22

what gland produces: Gonadocorticoids

main acions:

Answer 22

gonadocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex these hormones are male and female sex hormones known as androgen and estrogen. when in a stressful in way of harm event occurs, these two hormones along with the sympathetic nervous system react to either fight or flight

Question 23

what gland produces: Androgen (testostrone)

main acions:

Answer 23

is secreted in the adrenal cortex as well as in the testes(in adulthood it surpasses in the testes than the cortex.) this hormone is responsible for the growth and development of male sexual characteristics. Testosterone also helps maintain muscle and bone strength in adulthood, and can have an effect on hair growth.

Question 24

what gland produces: estrogen

main acions:

Answer 24

is secreted in the adrenal cortex as well as in the ovaries and placenta. responsible for the growth and development of female sexual characteristics and reproduction in both humans and animals

Question 25

what gland produces: Glucagon

main acions:

Answer 25

glucagon is secreted in the pancreas, and this hormone increases the level of blood sugar. it promotes the conversion of glycogen into glucose.

Question 26

what gland produces: insulin

main acions:

Answer 26

insulin is secreted in the pancreas, and in contrast to glucagon, insulin decreeases glucose levels in the blood

Question 27

what gland produces: metatonin

main acions:

Answer 27

metatonin is secreted in the pineal gland. this hormone may influence daily rhythms like sleep and for some seasonal changes in mood.

Question 28

what gland produces: progesterone

main acions:

Answer 28

is secreted by the ovaries, progesterone prepares the wall of the uterus for a fertilized egg, and maintains the lining for the uterus.

Question 29

what is anabolic steroid? and what are some of its effects?

Answer 29

a synthetic steroid hormone that resembles testosterone in promoting the growth of muscle. Such hormones are used medicinally to treat some forms of weight loss and (illegally) by some athletes and others to enhance physical performance.

In men, anabolic steroids can:
Reduce sperm count, Shrink the testicles.
Cause you not to be able to father children.
Enlarge the breasts.
In women, anabolic steroids can:
Increase body hair, Make skin rough.
Decrease breast size and Enlarge the clitoris.

Question 30

what is menopause? what are some side effects?

Answer 30

it is a stage in a womans life when ovulation and menstruation stop completely. the ovaries stop producing eggs and the levels of estrogen and progesterone fall. some of the effects are: reduction of breast size, hot flashes, vaginal dryness. less estrogen makes androgen more predominate causing facial hair growth

Question 31

what is Acromagaly?

Answer 31

is when theres an increased production of GH in adulthood. when bones can thicken but not lengthen. can caused an enlargement of the tongue, thickening of bones in hands, feet and face.

Question 32

what is pituitary dwarfism?

Answer 32

happens when theres insufficient production of GH in childhood. ppl with pituitary dwarfism are typically sterile and attain a max height of 4 ft.

Question 33

what is diabetes mellitus type 1

Answer 33

genetic inability to produce insulin

Question 34

what is diabetes mellitus type 2

Answer 34

adult onset produce less insulin then body requires

Question 35

what is gigantism?

Answer 35

abnormally high production of GH in childhood when the bones are still capable of growth on length. attain a height of 8 or 9 feet

Question 36

Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 36

a

Question 37

List the main components of the central nervous system

Answer 37

a

Question 38

What are the meninges?

Answer 38

a

Question 39

What is the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 39

a

Question 40

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 40

a

Question 41

Compare and contrast the function if the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Answer 41

a

Question 42

Movement of food through the intestine is controlled by the __________________

Answer 42

Use the definition of the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous
system, and autonomic nervous system to complete the following sentence

Question 43

You will rely on your memory, located in the __________________ as you study for the next
test.

Answer 43

Use the definition of the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous
system, and autonomic nervous system to complete the following sentence

Question 44

The heat receptors in your fingertips are part of the ____________________

Answer 44

Use the definition of the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous
system, and autonomic nervous system to complete the following sentence

Question 45

A quick reflex, such as when you step on a sharp stone with your bare foot, is a result of both

the ________________ and the _________________

Answer 45

Use the definition of the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous
system, and autonomic nervous system to complete the following sentence

Question 46

Everything neural that does not involve the brain and the spinal cord involves the _________

Answer 46

Use the definition of the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous
system, and autonomic nervous system to complete the following sentence