SG 1: Chap 2 Scientific Method & Chem Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Atom?

A

unit of matter that cant be broken down any smaller

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2
Q

what are atoms composed of?

A

subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons

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3
Q

what is the electrical charge of the subatomic particles

A

Protons are +, electrons are -, an neutrons are neutral

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4
Q

what is matter?

A

~anything that takes up space & has mass

~all forms matter are made of atoms.

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5
Q

what are the three traditional states of matter?

A

solids, liquids, and gases

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6
Q

what is an element?

A

Pure form of matter containing only one kind of atoms

~all the atoms of a particular element contain the same # of protons.

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7
Q

What is a Isotope?

A

~are atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons.
~exp: Carbon has 3 types of isotopes: 6p, 6e: atomic weight: 12C; 6p,7e; 6p,8e: atomic Weight: 14C

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8
Q

what is a radioisotope?

A

radiation emitting isotope; unstable isotopes that release excess energy or particles as they break down.

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9
Q

what are chemical bonds?

A

there are two types of chemical bonds: covalent & Ionic bonds. they hold ions in a compound together.

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10
Q

what happens to atoms when they form bonds?

A

they gain, lose or share electrons

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11
Q

Describe an atoms and its shells

A

the innermost shell contains 2 electrons, 2nd shell contains 8 electrons, & when an atom contains more than 8 electrons they have additional shells.

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12
Q

Be able to explain and describe Pasteur’s experiment: objective, methods, and conclusions

A

Objective: to find where microbes come from to cause broth to decay.
Hypothesis: they come from cells of organisms on dust particles in air, not air it self.
Methods: used two flasks, 1 straight, another curved.
conclusion: spontaneous generation is not real, germs can only come from other germs.

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13
Q

explain the following term: hypothesis

A

is an educated guess about the answer to a question.

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14
Q

explain the following term: theory

A

a theory is a well supported and wide-ranging explanation of some aspect of the physical world that is acquired through the scientific method, and repeatedly confirmed through observation, hypothesis and experimentation.

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15
Q

explain the following term: control

A

a controlled experiment is designed in such a way that there can only be on e explanation for the results. the subjects are randomly selected and get divided into two groups: a control group and the experimental group. the only thing that changes is the independent variable.

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16
Q

explain the following term: placebo

A

is a med w/no active ingredient. A placebo is often used as a “control” in one group of people in order to study the effectiveness of an experimental drug or treatment in another group of people by comparing the results.

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17
Q

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

A

A theory is the result of testing a hypothesis and developing an explanation that is taken to be true about a phenomena. A theory replaces the hypothesis.

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18
Q

List the different levels of organizations (page 6 of textbook)

A
  1. Molecule 2. cell 3. tissue 4. organ 5. organ system 6. individual 7. population 8. community 9. ecosystem 10 biosphere
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19
Q

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: ionic bond

A

an ionic bon results from the the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions. oppositely charged ions are attracted to one another. they are weaker than covalent bonds

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20
Q

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: hydrophobic

A

the tail region of the phospholipid made up of fatty acids is nonpolar. “water fearing”

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21
Q

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: hydrophilic

A

the region of the phospholipid (head) is polar. “water loving” head.

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22
Q

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: polymer

A

A polymer is a macromolecule that consists of many small repeating molecular subunits linked in a chain. “pearl necklace”

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23
Q

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: polar molecule

A

A molecule with a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically. exp: water. a region of the molecule that is slightly pos and the other region neg

24
Q

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: monomer

A

are small molecular subunits that form the building blocks of the polymers. “are the individual pearls unlinked”

25
Q

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: hydrolysis

A

is the reverse process of dehydration synthesis. The body uses to break many polymers apart. requires the addition of water across the covalent bond. important in digestion to breakdown of large polymers down.

26
Q

Explain the following concepts & how they relate 2 others: Dehydration synthesis

A

in this process, the reaction that bonds one monomer covalently to another monomer releasing a H2O molecule. 1 monomer donates the H & the other the OH.

27
Q

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: organic molecule

A

Any molecule containing Carbon-Hydrogen (hydrocarbon) bonds or Carbon-Carbon bonds.

28
Q

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: macromolecule

A

are large molecules composed of many atoms linked together. Exp: some proteins are made up of thousands of atoms.

29
Q

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: covalent bond

A

A covalent bond forms when 2 or more atoms share electrons in their outer shell.

30
Q

Explain the structure of the molecule of water and its properties

A

Structure: 1 O molecule covalently bonded to 2 H molecules. O being slightly - & H being slightly +.
Properties: excellent solvent, easily dissolves both polar and charged substances, high heat capacity (great deal of heat required to raise water’s temp,) high heat of evaporation, it is a liquid at a large range of temp 0-100 C
frozen water is less dense than liquid water. are cohesive “stick together”

31
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

is a bond that occurs when there is attraction between a pos charged atom & a neg charged atom. exp: water molecules w/ each other & other elements. weaker than covalent and ionic bonds.

32
Q

Explain the concepts of acid, base and pH scale.

A

A ph of a solution is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration. An acid is anything that releases hydrogen ions (H) when placed in water increasing concentration of H+ solution. A Base is anything that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when placed in water. decreases the concentration oh H+ . a ph scale ranges from 0 to 14. ph less than 7 is acidic & a ph greater than 7 is basic.

33
Q

Know examples of the different types of carbohydrates and explain their function: Mono/di/
polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides r simple sugars. smallest molecular unit of carbohydrates. Exp: glucose, fructose and galactose.
Disaccharide is a double layer sugar that forms when 2 mono covalently bond to each other. exp: sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Polysaccharide “many” is a complex carbohydrate when many mono( most commonly glucose) join together in a long chain. most store energy or provide structure.

34
Q

Know examples of the different types of carbohydrates and explain their function: starch

A

In plants, the storage polysaccharide is starch

35
Q

Know examples of the different types of carbohydrates and explain their function: glycogen

A

In animals, the storage polysaccharide is glycogen; a short term energy source that can be broken down to release energy-laden glucose molecules.

36
Q

Know examples of the different types of carbohydrates and explain their function: cellulose

A

is a structural polysaccharide found in the cell wall of plants. Its an important form of dietary fiber that helps fecal matter move through the large intestine.

37
Q

What are lipids? What do they all have in common?

A

“fats” are compounds that do not dissolve in water, are non-polar( no electrical charge), has no attraction for water and vise versa.

38
Q

Be familiar with the structure and function of

fats & oils

A

fats & oils provide about twice the energy per gram that carbohydrates or proteins do. In prep 4 long-term energy storage, excess triglycerides, protein and carbohydrates from food re converted into fat.

39
Q

What are proteins? What are the subunits they are made of?

A

is a polymer made of one or more amino acids. are complex structures with chains that twist, turn and fold. Contribute to structural support, transport, movement and regulation of chem reactions. made from a set of only 20 diff amino acids.

40
Q

Be familiar with the structure and function of steroids

A

Is a type of lipid made up of 4 carbon rings attached to molecules that vary. Most familiar steroid: cholesterol is a component of the plasma membrane & is also trhe foundation 4rm which steroid hormones ( estrogen and testosterone) are made.

41
Q

Be familiar with the structure and function of triglycerides

A

“fats & oils” Is a type of lipid, are made up of one glycerol & 3 fatty acids.

42
Q

Be familiar with the structure and function of fatty acids

A

are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and have the acidic group COOH at one end.
Saturated fa’s: carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible, single bonded. Exp: butter
Unsat fa’s: not bonded to hydrogen atoms, double bonded. Exp: olive oil

43
Q

Be familiar with the structure and function of phospholipids

A

Is a type of lipid that has a molecule of clycerol, 2 fatty acids,a neg charged phosphate group & a “variable group” linked to the phosphate group. this structure provides phospholipids w/2 regions hydrophobic & hydrophilic.

44
Q

Know the difference between primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein.

A

there are 4 levels of structures. Primary: is a specific sequence of amino acids. Secondary: results from the coiling & bending of the chain of AAs. hydrogen bonding causes the coiling. Tertiary: is the 3D shape of a protein. quaternary: result from the attractive forces between 2 or more subunits.

45
Q

What are the different functions of proteins in the body?

A

a protein is a polymer or chain of amino acid monomers.

46
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

link the amino acids that form proteins which are formed through dehydration synthesis. one amino acid loses the OH and the other AA loses the H, that the point the peptide bond connects both AAs.

47
Q

What is denaturation?

A

is the destruction of the proteins structure. it destroys its 3D shape breaking down 2nd and third structure caused by increased heat or change in PH. even minor changes in shape can result loss of function.

48
Q
  • What is an enzyme? How do they function? Know examples.
A

are substances almost always proteins that speed up chemical reactions

49
Q

Identify substrates and products in a chemical reaction.

A

E(enzyme) + S(substrate) —> ES(Enzyme-substrate complex) —> E(enzyme) + P(product)

50
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids? What are the subunits they are made of?

A

DNA & RNA
the subunits are made of nucleotides monomer consisting of a 5 carbon sugar to a 5 nitrogen containing base and at least one phosphate group.

51
Q

How are nucleic acids and the subunits different?

A

DNA: Sugar: deoxyribose, Base: Thymine, # of stands:2.
RNA: Sugar: Ribose, Base: uracil, # of strands: 1
other bases: Adenine, guanine and cytosine

52
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A
DNA stores genetic info for cells and organisms.  The info in DNA:  guides the cell (along with RNA) in making new proteins that determine all of our biological traits 
 gets passed (copied) from one generation to the next
53
Q

How do genes work?

A

it is clear that genes are what carry our traits through generations and that genes are made of DNA. But genes themselves don’t do the actual work. Rather, they serve as instruction books for making functional molecules such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins, which perform the chemical reactions in our bodies.

54
Q

What is ATP? Be familiar with its chemical structure and its function in the cell.

A

is the energy currency of life. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need. Every time a Atp molecule is broken down to Adp by losing a phosphate group. As the phosphate group is lost, energy is released. cells trap this energy and use it to preform work.

55
Q

Ions?

A

means that it has a net electrical charge electrical charge due to the amount of electrons it has.
ions form b-cus of the tendency of atoms to attain a complete outermost shell.

56
Q

What is a molecule?

A

a molecule is a chemical structure held together by covalent bonds. Compounds are formed by 2 or more elements, so molecules that contain only one kind of atom are not considered compounds.

57
Q

what r carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates known as sugars and starches. provide fuel for the body. composed of C, H , and O atoms.