SG 1: Chap 2 Scientific Method & Chem

Question 1

What is a Atom?

Answer 1

unit of matter that cant be broken down any smaller

Question 2

what are atoms composed of?

Answer 2

subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons

Question 3

what is the electrical charge of the subatomic particles

Answer 3

Protons are +, electrons are -, an neutrons are neutral

Question 4

what is matter?

Answer 4

~anything that takes up space & has mass

~all forms matter are made of atoms.

Question 5

what are the three traditional states of matter?

Answer 5

solids, liquids, and gases

Question 6

what is an element?

Answer 6

Pure form of matter containing only one kind of atoms

~all the atoms of a particular element contain the same # of protons.

Question 7

What is a Isotope?

Answer 7

~are atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons.
~exp: Carbon has 3 types of isotopes: 6p, 6e: atomic weight: 12C; 6p,7e; 6p,8e: atomic Weight: 14C

Question 8

what is a radioisotope?

Answer 8

radiation emitting isotope; unstable isotopes that release excess energy or particles as they break down.

Question 9

what are chemical bonds?

Answer 9

there are two types of chemical bonds: covalent & Ionic bonds. they hold ions in a compound together.

Question 10

what happens to atoms when they form bonds?

Answer 10

they gain, lose or share electrons

Question 11

Describe an atoms and its shells

Answer 11

the innermost shell contains 2 electrons, 2nd shell contains 8 electrons, & when an atom contains more than 8 electrons they have additional shells.

Question 12

Be able to explain and describe Pasteur’s experiment: objective, methods, and conclusions

Answer 12

Objective: to find where microbes come from to cause broth to decay.
Hypothesis: they come from cells of organisms on dust particles in air, not air it self.
Methods: used two flasks, 1 straight, another curved.
conclusion: spontaneous generation is not real, germs can only come from other germs.

Question 13

explain the following term: hypothesis

Answer 13

is an educated guess about the answer to a question.

Question 14

explain the following term: theory

Answer 14

a theory is a well supported and wide-ranging explanation of some aspect of the physical world that is acquired through the scientific method, and repeatedly confirmed through observation, hypothesis and experimentation.

Question 15

explain the following term: control

Answer 15

a controlled experiment is designed in such a way that there can only be on e explanation for the results. the subjects are randomly selected and get divided into two groups: a control group and the experimental group. the only thing that changes is the independent variable.

Question 16

explain the following term: placebo

Answer 16

is a med w/no active ingredient. A placebo is often used as a “control” in one group of people in order to study the effectiveness of an experimental drug or treatment in another group of people by comparing the results.

Question 17

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

Answer 17

A theory is the result of testing a hypothesis and developing an explanation that is taken to be true about a phenomena. A theory replaces the hypothesis.

Question 18

List the different levels of organizations (page 6 of textbook)

Answer 18

1. Molecule 2. cell 3. tissue 4. organ 5. organ system 6. individual 7. population 8. community 9. ecosystem 10 biosphere

Question 19

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: ionic bond

Answer 19

an ionic bon results from the the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions. oppositely charged ions are attracted to one another. they are weaker than covalent bonds

Question 20

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: hydrophobic

Answer 20

the tail region of the phospholipid made up of fatty acids is nonpolar. “water fearing”

Question 21

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: hydrophilic

Answer 21

the region of the phospholipid (head) is polar. “water loving” head.

Question 22

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: polymer

Answer 22

A polymer is a macromolecule that consists of many small repeating molecular subunits linked in a chain. “pearl necklace”

Question 23

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: polar molecule

Answer 23

A molecule with a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically. exp: water. a region of the molecule that is slightly pos and the other region neg

Question 24

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: monomer

Answer 24

are small molecular subunits that form the building blocks of the polymers. “are the individual pearls unlinked”

Question 25

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: hydrolysis

Answer 25

is the reverse process of dehydration synthesis. The body uses to break many polymers apart. requires the addition of water across the covalent bond. important in digestion to breakdown of large polymers down.

Question 26

Explain the following concepts & how they relate 2 others: Dehydration synthesis

Answer 26

in this process, the reaction that bonds one monomer covalently to another monomer releasing a H2O molecule. 1 monomer donates the H & the other the OH.

Question 27

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: organic molecule

Answer 27

Any molecule containing Carbon-Hydrogen (hydrocarbon) bonds or Carbon-Carbon bonds.

Question 28

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: macromolecule

Answer 28

are large molecules composed of many atoms linked together. Exp: some proteins are made up of thousands of atoms.

Question 29

Explain the following concepts and how they relate to others: covalent bond

Answer 29

A covalent bond forms when 2 or more atoms share electrons in their outer shell.

Question 30

Explain the structure of the molecule of water and its properties

Answer 30

Structure: 1 O molecule covalently bonded to 2 H molecules. O being slightly - & H being slightly +.
Properties: excellent solvent, easily dissolves both polar and charged substances, high heat capacity (great deal of heat required to raise water’s temp,) high heat of evaporation, it is a liquid at a large range of temp 0-100 C
frozen water is less dense than liquid water. are cohesive “stick together”

Question 31

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 31

is a bond that occurs when there is attraction between a pos charged atom & a neg charged atom. exp: water molecules w/ each other & other elements. weaker than covalent and ionic bonds.

Question 32

Explain the concepts of acid, base and pH scale.

Answer 32

A ph of a solution is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration. An acid is anything that releases hydrogen ions (H) when placed in water increasing concentration of H+ solution. A Base is anything that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when placed in water. decreases the concentration oh H+ . a ph scale ranges from 0 to 14. ph less than 7 is acidic & a ph greater than 7 is basic.

Question 33

Know examples of the different types of carbohydrates and explain their function: Mono/di/
polysaccharides

Answer 33

Monosaccharides r simple sugars. smallest molecular unit of carbohydrates. Exp: glucose, fructose and galactose.
Disaccharide is a double layer sugar that forms when 2 mono covalently bond to each other. exp: sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Polysaccharide “many” is a complex carbohydrate when many mono( most commonly glucose) join together in a long chain. most store energy or provide structure.

Question 34

Know examples of the different types of carbohydrates and explain their function: starch

Answer 34

In plants, the storage polysaccharide is starch

Question 35

Know examples of the different types of carbohydrates and explain their function: glycogen

Answer 35

In animals, the storage polysaccharide is glycogen; a short term energy source that can be broken down to release energy-laden glucose molecules.

Question 36

Know examples of the different types of carbohydrates and explain their function: cellulose

Answer 36

is a structural polysaccharide found in the cell wall of plants. Its an important form of dietary fiber that helps fecal matter move through the large intestine.

Question 37

What are lipids? What do they all have in common?

Answer 37

“fats” are compounds that do not dissolve in water, are non-polar( no electrical charge), has no attraction for water and vise versa.

Question 38

Be familiar with the structure and function of

fats & oils

Answer 38

fats & oils provide about twice the energy per gram that carbohydrates or proteins do. In prep 4 long-term energy storage, excess triglycerides, protein and carbohydrates from food re converted into fat.

Question 39

What are proteins? What are the subunits they are made of?

Answer 39

is a polymer made of one or more amino acids. are complex structures with chains that twist, turn and fold. Contribute to structural support, transport, movement and regulation of chem reactions. made from a set of only 20 diff amino acids.

Question 40

Be familiar with the structure and function of steroids

Answer 40

Is a type of lipid made up of 4 carbon rings attached to molecules that vary. Most familiar steroid: cholesterol is a component of the plasma membrane & is also trhe foundation 4rm which steroid hormones ( estrogen and testosterone) are made.

Question 41

Be familiar with the structure and function of triglycerides

Answer 41

“fats & oils” Is a type of lipid, are made up of one glycerol & 3 fatty acids.

Question 42

Be familiar with the structure and function of fatty acids

Answer 42

are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and have the acidic group COOH at one end.
Saturated fa’s: carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible, single bonded. Exp: butter
Unsat fa’s: not bonded to hydrogen atoms, double bonded. Exp: olive oil

Question 43

Be familiar with the structure and function of phospholipids

Answer 43

Is a type of lipid that has a molecule of clycerol, 2 fatty acids,a neg charged phosphate group & a “variable group” linked to the phosphate group. this structure provides phospholipids w/2 regions hydrophobic & hydrophilic.

Question 44

Know the difference between primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein.

Answer 44

there are 4 levels of structures. Primary: is a specific sequence of amino acids. Secondary: results from the coiling & bending of the chain of AAs. hydrogen bonding causes the coiling. Tertiary: is the 3D shape of a protein. quaternary: result from the attractive forces between 2 or more subunits.

Question 45

What are the different functions of proteins in the body?

Answer 45

a protein is a polymer or chain of amino acid monomers.

Question 46

What is a peptide bond?

Answer 46

link the amino acids that form proteins which are formed through dehydration synthesis. one amino acid loses the OH and the other AA loses the H, that the point the peptide bond connects both AAs.

Question 47

What is denaturation?

Answer 47

is the destruction of the proteins structure. it destroys its 3D shape breaking down 2nd and third structure caused by increased heat or change in PH. even minor changes in shape can result loss of function.

Question 48

• What is an enzyme? How do they function? Know examples.

Answer 48

are substances almost always proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Question 49

Identify substrates and products in a chemical reaction.

Answer 49

E(enzyme) + S(substrate) —> ES(Enzyme-substrate complex) —> E(enzyme) + P(product)

Question 50

What are the two types of nucleic acids? What are the subunits they are made of?

Answer 50

DNA & RNA
the subunits are made of nucleotides monomer consisting of a 5 carbon sugar to a 5 nitrogen containing base and at least one phosphate group.

Question 51

How are nucleic acids and the subunits different?

Answer 51

DNA: Sugar: deoxyribose, Base: Thymine, # of stands:2.
RNA: Sugar: Ribose, Base: uracil, # of strands: 1
other bases: Adenine, guanine and cytosine

Question 52

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 52

DNA stores genetic info for cells and organisms.  The info in DNA:  guides the cell (along with RNA) in making new proteins that determine all of our biological traits 
 gets passed (copied) from one generation to the next

Question 53

How do genes work?

Answer 53

it is clear that genes are what carry our traits through generations and that genes are made of DNA. But genes themselves don’t do the actual work. Rather, they serve as instruction books for making functional molecules such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins, which perform the chemical reactions in our bodies.

Question 54

What is ATP? Be familiar with its chemical structure and its function in the cell.

Answer 54

is the energy currency of life. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need. Every time a Atp molecule is broken down to Adp by losing a phosphate group. As the phosphate group is lost, energy is released. cells trap this energy and use it to preform work.

Question 55

Ions?

Answer 55

means that it has a net electrical charge electrical charge due to the amount of electrons it has.
ions form b-cus of the tendency of atoms to attain a complete outermost shell.

Question 56

What is a molecule?

Answer 56

a molecule is a chemical structure held together by covalent bonds. Compounds are formed by 2 or more elements, so molecules that contain only one kind of atom are not considered compounds.

Question 57

what r carbohydrates?

Answer 57

Carbohydrates known as sugars and starches. provide fuel for the body. composed of C, H , and O atoms.