SFP: neoplasia Flashcards
What is neoplasia
An abnormal mass of tissue where the growth exceeds that of normal tissue
What is meant by the term parenchyma
neoplastic cells
what is meant by the term stroma
connective tissue and vessels
What is meant by benign tumors
Tumors that remain localized and cannot spread to other body sites. They do, however, have risk for malignant change. Patients generally survive, but they can occasionally have significant morbidity/mortality
What is meant by malignant tumors
Tumors that can spread to other body sites and are capable of invasion. These tend to be associated with higher levels of morbidity/mortality
What are adenomas
benign tumors of glandular tissue
what are lipomas
benign tumors of fatty cells
what are osteomas
benign tumors of bone
what are papillomas
benign tumors with finger-like projections
what is a squamous papilloma
a benign wart
what is a hemangioma
benign tumor of mesenchymal tissue filled with blood; does not turn into malignancy
what is a leiomyoma
benign lesions of smooth muscle; often seen in the uterus, GI, and lungs
if a malignant tumor is epithelial we call it a ___
carcinoma
if a malignant tumor is mesenchymal, we call it a ___
sarcoma
what is a hamartoma
Mass of disorganized tissue consisting of cells and tissues normally found in the area where the hamartoma occurs; these are neoplastic
what is a choristoma
congenital anomaly consisting of normal cells in an abnormal location; these are not neoplastic
what is differentiation
The extent to which neoplasms resemble their cells of origin both morphologically and functionally
what tends to be the differentiation pattern of benign tumors
they tend to be well differentiated
what is anaplasia
A lack of differentiation/ poorly differentiated. Blastoma is an example.
what is dysplasia
disorderly proliferation; an intermediate between normal and carcinoma
differentiate between growth characteristics of benign vs malignant lesions
benign lesions tend to grow and push surrounding structures to the side
malignant lesions invade surrounding tissues
Upon microscopic examination, how do features of benign lesions compare with that of normal tissue?
The structural elements tend to look similar; ex: things like ducts with hold the same shapes
Are carcinomas or sarcomas more common
Carcinoma; this is because epithelial cells are constantly proliferating which leads to more potential for uncoordinated growth
Necrosis is often associated with…
carcinomas
a loss of differentiation often indicates… (benign vs malignant)
malignant
what is pleomorphism
variability of size, shape, and appearance of cells or their nuclei
What factors predispose us to malignancy
environment, age, heredity, pre-neoplastic conditions
Contrast between indirect and direct chemical carcinogens
Direct are substances that are cancer-causing of their own and do not require chemical transformation, while indirect require some kind of conversion in the body to be carcinogenic
Chemotherapeutic drugs are an example of…
Direct chemical carcinogens
Polycyclic hydrocarbons are an example of…
Indirect chemical carcinogens
Aflatoxin B is an example of…
An indirect chemical carcinogen
What are some types of radiation associated with carcinogenesis
UV rays, X rays, nuclear fission (nuclear bombs), and radionuclides (miners and lung cancer)
What is cancer cachexia
Tumors can cause the host to lose weight without trying due to the tumors leeching resources
Small cell carcinoma produces…
ACTH and ACTH-like substance, mimicking Cushing’s
What is tumor grading
Determining the extent to which the architectural and cellular features of a tumor recapitulate the histology of the parent tissue
asbestos is associated with ___
mesothelioma
benzene is associated with
AML
beryllium is associated with
lung carcinoma
cadmium is associated with
prostate carcinoma
chromium is associated with
lung carcinoma
nickel is associated with
lung and ooropharengeal carcinoma
radon is associated with
lung carcinoma
vinyl chloride is associated with
hepatic angiosarcoma
