Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block Two > missed stuff > Flashcards

missed stuff Flashcards

1
Q

how does interferon I induce apoptosis?

A

they induce PKR and 2’5’ OAS. PKR prevents translation and OAS degrades mRNA, preventing protein synthesis overall. this leads to apoptosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do NOD-like receptors bind to?

A

things in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in granulopoesis, primary granules first appear in ___, and secondary granules first appear in ___

A

promyelocyte; myelocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

alpha granules in platelets contain ___, and delta granules contain ___

A

TGF-b; serotonin, ATP, ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the function of the open canilicular system in platelets

A

increases surface area to facilitate degranulation by exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

congenital myotonic dystrophy is due to __ expansion

A

maternal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the primary method of re-uptake for acetylcholine? NE?

A

acetylcholine: degradation via acetylcholinesterase

NE: re-uptake into the nerve terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

an increase in arterial blood pressure would cause reflex…

A

bradycardia, decrease in SNS tone, and increased vagal tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does NE impact HR, MAP, and PVR?

A

HR: lowers due to muscarininc baroreceptor reflex
MAP: increase due to a1
PVR: increase due to a1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does epinephrine impact HR, MAP, and PVR

A

HR: raises
MAP: raises
PVR: lowers! b2 wins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does isoproterenol impact HR, MAP, and PVR?

A

HR: raises. b1 and baroreceptor!
MAP: lowers due to b2
PVR: lowers due to B2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is SOD-1?

A

superoxide dismutase; a natural defense against oxidative stress and inflamation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nf-kb will preferentially activate which leukocyte?

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

IL-8 and C5a attracts __

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what factors can activate macrophages?

A

PAMPS, DAMPS, IFN-gamma made by NK cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the main functions of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis/ entrapment of pathogens and destroying them via proteolysis or free radical production

17
Q

what is this?

A

a small vein

18
Q

what is shown by the double arrow?

A

tunica intima

19
Q

NADPH oxidase converts….

A

O2 to superoxide

20
Q

how can the ETC produce superoxide?

A

coenzyme Q and complex IV

21
Q

humoral immunity is more likely to be effective against what threat when compared to cell mediated immuntiy?

A

extracellular bacteria

22
Q

what is the main method used for interfering with neutralization?

A

antigenic variation

23
Q

HEV’s are located primarily in the ___

A

paracortex

24
Q

what cells are pictured below?

A

epithelial-reticular cells in the cortex of the thymus

25
Q

what does liquefactive necrosis do?

A

produces deficits at sites of ischemia in the brain

26
Q

a woman suffers an MI, but intervention occurs and blood flow is restored. despite this, myocardial fiber injury continues…why?

A

increase in toxic oxygen radicals

27
Q

what kind of signaling does the liver use to regenerate?

A

autocrine

28
Q

what is the prevention paradox?

A

probability of benefit from a preventative activity

29
Q

what is meant by “shifting the curve”

A

treating a large number of people with mild disease saves more lives than treating a small number with severe disease

30
Q

what is hotspotting

A

treating a small number of people with severe disease

31
Q

what are hassalls corpsicles?

A

they secrete cytokines that promote T cell maturation

32
Q

List the signals that cause a naïve T-cell to differentiate into a Th1 effector T-cell.

A

IL12 from a dendritic cell and IFN gamma from an NK cell; it makes a positive feedback loop since the Th1 produces iFN gama!

33
Q

An IV injection of an acetylcholine analog that preferentially stimulates muscarinic receptors will cause what kind of change in contraction of vascular smooth muscle

A

In vessels with an intact endothelial cell lining, a cholinergic agonist, through muscarinic receptors on the endothelial cells, stimulates production of nitric oxide (NO) that stimulates relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle and decreases vascular resistance.

In regions of the vasculature where the endothelial lining is damaged, cholinergic agonists, through muscarinic receptors on the vascular smooth muscle cells, can stimulate contraction of the smooth muscle and increased vascular resistance

Block Two (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions