missed stuff Flashcards
how does interferon I induce apoptosis?
they induce PKR and 2’5’ OAS. PKR prevents translation and OAS degrades mRNA, preventing protein synthesis overall. this leads to apoptosis.
what do NOD-like receptors bind to?
things in the cytoplasm
in granulopoesis, primary granules first appear in ___, and secondary granules first appear in ___
promyelocyte; myelocyte
alpha granules in platelets contain ___, and delta granules contain ___
TGF-b; serotonin, ATP, ADP
what is the function of the open canilicular system in platelets
increases surface area to facilitate degranulation by exocytosis
congenital myotonic dystrophy is due to __ expansion
maternal
what is the primary method of re-uptake for acetylcholine? NE?
acetylcholine: degradation via acetylcholinesterase
NE: re-uptake into the nerve terminal
an increase in arterial blood pressure would cause reflex…
bradycardia, decrease in SNS tone, and increased vagal tone
how does NE impact HR, MAP, and PVR?
HR: lowers due to muscarininc baroreceptor reflex
MAP: increase due to a1
PVR: increase due to a1
how does epinephrine impact HR, MAP, and PVR
HR: raises
MAP: raises
PVR: lowers! b2 wins
how does isoproterenol impact HR, MAP, and PVR?
HR: raises. b1 and baroreceptor!
MAP: lowers due to b2
PVR: lowers due to B2
what is SOD-1?
superoxide dismutase; a natural defense against oxidative stress and inflamation
Nf-kb will preferentially activate which leukocyte?
neutrophils
IL-8 and C5a attracts __
neutrophils
what factors can activate macrophages?
PAMPS, DAMPS, IFN-gamma made by NK cells.
what are the main functions of neutrophils?
phagocytosis/ entrapment of pathogens and destroying them via proteolysis or free radical production
what is this?
a small vein
what is shown by the double arrow?
tunica intima
NADPH oxidase converts….
O2 to superoxide
how can the ETC produce superoxide?
coenzyme Q and complex IV
humoral immunity is more likely to be effective against what threat when compared to cell mediated immuntiy?
extracellular bacteria
what is the main method used for interfering with neutralization?
antigenic variation
HEV’s are located primarily in the ___
paracortex
what cells are pictured below?
epithelial-reticular cells in the cortex of the thymus
what does liquefactive necrosis do?
produces deficits at sites of ischemia in the brain
a woman suffers an MI, but intervention occurs and blood flow is restored. despite this, myocardial fiber injury continues…why?
increase in toxic oxygen radicals
what kind of signaling does the liver use to regenerate?
autocrine
what is the prevention paradox?
probability of benefit from a preventative activity
what is meant by “shifting the curve”
treating a large number of people with mild disease saves more lives than treating a small number with severe disease
what is hotspotting
treating a small number of people with severe disease
what are hassalls corpsicles?
they secrete cytokines that promote T cell maturation
List the signals that cause a naïve T-cell to differentiate into a Th1 effector T-cell.
IL12 from a dendritic cell and IFN gamma from an NK cell; it makes a positive feedback loop since the Th1 produces iFN gama!
An IV injection of an acetylcholine analog that preferentially stimulates muscarinic receptors will cause what kind of change in contraction of vascular smooth muscle
In vessels with an intact endothelial cell lining, a cholinergic agonist, through muscarinic receptors on the endothelial cells, stimulates production of nitric oxide (NO) that stimulates relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle and decreases vascular resistance.
In regions of the vasculature where the endothelial lining is damaged, cholinergic agonists, through muscarinic receptors on the vascular smooth muscle cells, can stimulate contraction of the smooth muscle and increased vascular resistance
