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Block Two > HRR: innate immunity > Flashcards

HRR: innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Name three characteristics that distinguish the innate and adaptive immune
responses

A

The innate immune system is fast and has no memory, while the adaptive immune system is slower but has memory and gets stronger with subsequent responses

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2
Q

What does the innate immune system recognize for activation?

A

PAMPS and DAMPS via pattern recognition receptors; many receptors can detect the same pathogen, and the same receptor can detect many different pathogens

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3
Q

What are the two broad categories of innate immune response?

A

Inflammation and anti-viral defense

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4
Q

Peptidoglycans, terminal mannose, flagellin, double stranded RNA, and unmethylated CG rich oligonucleotides are examples of…

A

PAMPs

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5
Q

HMGB1 and extracellular ATP released from damaged mitochondria are examples of…

A

DAMPs

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6
Q

What are the 3 things associated with acute inflammation

A

Complement, phagocytic cells, and cytokines

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7
Q

In general, where are PRR’s found?

A

PRR’s can be found on the cell surface, in endosomal membranes, and in cytosol

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8
Q

What are the 5 types of pattern recognition receptors?

A

1.toll-like receptors
2.NOD-like receptors
3.Inflammasomes
4.Cytosolic RNA and DNA sensors
5.Circulating receptors in the blood

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9
Q

Toll-like receptors 3,7,8, and 9: where they are and what they do

A

They’re found on endosomal membranes and activate an antiviral defense

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10
Q

PAMP binding in membrane TLR initiates the production of ___, and PAMP binding in endosomal TLR initiates the production of___

A

transcription factors NF-kb; IRF-3

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11
Q

What does NF-kb do?

A

NF-kb will start the inflammatory process and stimulate adaptive immunity

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12
Q

What does IRF-3 do

A

IRF-3 produces interferons and activates the antiviral state

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13
Q

Describe NOD-like receptors

A

Cytosolic receptors that recognize PAMPs and DAMPs. They can be found in phagocytes and mucosal epithelial cells. They’re associated with the inflammatory pathway

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14
Q

Explain what an inflammasome is, and what it is composed of

A

Inflammasomes has an ultimate goal of secreting IL1-beta. It is composed of NLRP3, adaptors, and caspase-1

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15
Q

Describe how inflammasomes lead to secretion of IL-1beta

A

o NF-kb is formed and translocase to the nucleus to turn on the pro-IL1-beta gene

o Pro-IL1-beta exits the nucleus

o An inflammasome composed of NLRP3, adaptors, and caspases cleaves the pro-IL1-beta into IL-1beta.

o IL1-beta can exit the cell and lead to acute inflammation

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16
Q

What are RIG-like receptors? what do they induce?

A

A cytosolic RNA sensor. They recognize viral RNA by their length or lack of methyl cap; they induce type 1 interferon production

17
Q

Describe cytosolic DNA sensors: what they do and what they induce

A

Recognize microbial dsDNA in the cytosol and induce type 1 interferon production as well as autophagy

18
Q

Describe the pathway used by cytosolic DNA sensors

A

o cGAS floating in the cytoplasm binds to DNA in the cytoplasm

o cGAS forms cyclic dinucleotides that bind to STING

o STING’s kinase (TBK1) phosphorylates IRF3, releasing it from the complex

o IRF3 translocates to the nucleus and induces the antiviral response

19
Q

What are the two PRR’s circulating in the blood

A

complement and acute phase proteins

20
Q

Name mechanisms by which the epithelium of the skin prevents the entry of
microbes.

A

Providing a physical barrier, killing microbes via defensins and cathelicidins, and killing microbes via intraepithelial lymphocytes

21
Q

List differences between monocytes and neutrophils, the primary phagocytes of innate immunity

A

Neutrophils: short lived and fast. They’re released from bone marrow during acute phase response

Monocytes: longer lived. They migrate to tissues in response to inflammation

22
Q

Which chemicals are produced by neutrophils and monocytes respectively?

A

ROS; NO

23
Q

Which phagocyte makes cytokines?

A

monocytes

24
Q

Describe the functions of dendritic cells

A

They produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and migrate to lymph nodes to present antigens

25
Q

Describe the functions of mast cells

A

The release vasoactive amines, proteolytic enzymes, and cytokines (TNF). They increase mucous production and leaky vessels

26
Q

What two things are associated with antiviral defense?

A

NK cells and type I interferons

27
Q

Describe natural killer cells: what they do, what they secrete/activate

A

They eliminate intracellular pathogens. They recognize infected or stressed cells and secrete IFN-gamma to activate macrophages and release granules to induce apoptosis

28
Q

Describe activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors

A

NK cell activating receptors: recognize patterns associated with stressed, infected, or malignant cells. This alone with no presence of the inhibitory receptor will activate the NK cell.

Inhibitory NK receptors recognize class I MHC, which are ‘self’ molecules on human cells. This combined with the activating receptor keeps the NK cell from turning on.

29
Q

Describe interferon I and the antiviral defense

A

They are found on most cells and are either made by dendritic cells (IFN-a) or fibroblasts (IFN-b). a virus present in a cell induces interferons. they activate OAS and PKR, which shuts down protein synthesis in the particular cell and leads to no viral production

30
Q

Briefly describe complement

A

They’re synthesized largely in the liver and are distributed throughout the blood and lymph. They directly destroy microbes and generate signals that indicate an attack has happened.

31
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms for initiating complement activation?

A

Alternate: microbe-based
Classical: antibody-based
Lectin: mannose binding lectin

32
Q

Explain the three complement activation cascades to C5, and the common cascade from C5-C9

A

All 3 mechanisms cleave C3 into C3a and C3b via a unique C3 convertase. C3a will act as a signaling molecule. C3b binds to microbes, initiating cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b. C5b will bind to the microbe and initiate the assembly of complement and C6-9

33
Q

Name functions of C3a, C3b, and C5a

A

C3a: degranulate mast cells
C3b: increase phagocytosis
C5a: degranulate mast cells and recruit neutrophils

34
Q

Name the acute phase proteins circulating in the blood

A

Complement, collectins, c-reactive protein

35
Q

How do cytokines act?

A

Autocrine or paracrine methods

36
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Subset of cytokines that stimulate and direct leukocyte migration

37
Q

What does IL-10 do?

A

Is an antagonist for IL-1 receptor and has anti-inflammatory activity.

38
Q

Explain the purpose and general mechanism of the innate immune system stimulation of adaptive immune responses

A

Various elements in the innate immune system act as costimulatory molecules, acting as the second required signal for the active immune system.

Block Two (30 decks)

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