Sexuality and Gender Flashcards
When did the US FDA approve birth control pills?
1960
As of what year did the US Supreme Court rule that the government cant regulate the use of birth control in marriage?
1965
What % of marriages are marked by some kind of sexual inadequacy?
50%
When was Viagra approved and marketed?
1998
How many states have laws banning the living together of non-married people?
7
How many states have laws saying you cant have intercourse before marriage?
4
What % of visits to the internet are to adult sites in US?
19%
What % of people that visit children & teens chatrooms are actually adults pretending to be children?
2/3
What are the psychological effects of sexual dysfunctions?
Frustration, guilt about failure, loss of self esteem, emotional problems
How can most sexual dysfunctions be treated?
In relatively brief therapy
What is the definition of a sexual dysfunction?
Psychophysiological disorders which make it impossible for the individual to have and/or enjoy coitus
What are the 4 responses of the sexual system?
Desire, arousal, orgasm and resolution
What can be associated with the ‘desire’ phase of the sexual system?
- Lack of desire/interest in sex
- Sexual aversion
- Avoidance as its unpleasant
What can be associated with the ‘arousal’ phase of the sexual system?
- Increased: heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure
- Penis hardens
- Swelling of clitoris and vagina lubrication
What are some dysfunctions that can occur at the ‘arousal’ phase?
Male erectile disorder (impotence)
Female arousal disorder
(frigidity)
Whats the most common sexual disfunction in males?
Premature ejaculation
What is a sexual pain disorder?
Vaginismus - spastic contractions of the muscles round the outer third of the vagina that prevent entry of the penis
What % of people probably suffer from a type of sexual dysfunction?
24%
In what % of men is a hypoactive sexual desire found?
15%
In what age group is erectile disorder most common in?
Older men
In what age group is premature ejaculation most common in?
Under 30s
What % of population does inhibited male orgasm occur?
1 - 3%
In what % of females is a hypoactive sexual desire found?
20 - 35%
Up to what % of women have had arousal disorders?
48%
In what % of the population does vaginismus occur?
Less than 1%
Where have sexual dysfunctions been traced to coming back from?
- Influences of childhood learning
- Problematic attitudes & beliefs
- Biological factors
- Relationship issues
When did behavioural therapists begin to develop procedures to treat sexual dysfunctions?
1950s -1960s
What are the two ways to measure functioning?
Penile plethysmograph
Vaginal plethysmograph
Whats the first component of sex therapy?
Assessment and conceptualisation of the problem, emphasis on principle of mutual responsibility
What are the middle components are there to sex therapy?
- Therapists provide accurate information
- Work is done to change attitudes cognitions and beliefs
What the end components to sex therapy?
- Eliminate performance anxiety and the spectator role
- Finally, work to change destructive lifestyles and martial interactions
What is the 4 element sequential model that has been developed for the treatment of hypoactive drive and aversion?
Effectual awareness, insight, cognitive and emotional change, behavioural interventions
How is a patient with erectile failure taught to reduce anxiety and increase stimulation?
Tease & stuffing techniques
How is premature ejaculation treated?
Behavioural retraining procedures: stop-start and squeeze
How is inhibited male orgasm treated?
Reducing performance anxiety and ensuring adequate stimulation
What are some ways that female arousal and orgasm dysfunctions are treated?
Self-exploration, body awareness and directed masturbation training
What are paraphilias?
Characterised by the recurrent and intense sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving nonhuman objects
What is fetishism?
The use of an inanimate object or body part to achieve sexual arousal, often exclusively
How do psychodynamic theorists see fetishism?
As defence mechanisms
How do behaviourists treat fetishism?
Aversion therapy or covet sensitisation
What is transvestism?
Involves the need to dress in clothes of the opposite sex to achieve sexual arousal
What are transvestites generally?
Hostile self-centred, limited capacity for intimacy, marriages then to be discordant
What is pedophila?
Achieving sexual gratification through children
When does pedophila develop?
Adolescence
How is pedophila treated?
Aversion therapy, orgasmic reorientation, and relapse-prevention training
What is exhibitionism?
The ‘flasher’ acts out sexually arousing fantasies of exposing his genitals to a woman to produce a shock reaction
How is exhibitionism treated?
Aversion therapy, cover sensitisation, arousal reorientation, social skills training
What are Voyeurs?
They have recurrent and intense desires to observe people secretly as they dress or undress
When does voyeurism usually develop?
Before 15, could be chronic
How do psychodynamic theorists view voyuerism?
As an attempt to reduce fear of castration
How do behaviourists see voyuerism?
Learned behaviour traceable to a chance and secret observation of sexually arousing scene
What is frotteurism?
The frotteur acts on recurrent and intense sexual urges to touch and rub against an non-consenting person
When does frotteurism develop?
Adolescence or earlier and then diminishes
What is sexual mascochism?
Sexual urges to be humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer
How is the pattern of sexual maschoism developed?
Classical conditioning
What are sexual sadists?
Sexually aroused by the infliction of physical or psychological suffering - they fantasise about having total control over another person
How do behaviourist believe sadists are developed?
Classical conditioning
What is gender identity disorder/transsexualism?
Where they feel that a mistake has been made in the assignment of his or her sex
How do male transsexuals outnumber female transsexual;s?
More than 3 to 1
