sexual reproduction in flowering plants Flashcards
____ deals with the mechanism of origin and pattern of early development of a plant
embyology
who is the father of plant embrology
C F Wolf
CF Wolf is fater of?
plant embryology
____ is the father of indian plant embryology
P. Maheshwari
P Maheshwari is father of
indian plant embyology
according to ___ , anther is ___ reproductive organ and ___ is the site of reproduction
N Grew
Male
flower
____ era is the ____ period of angiosperms
coenozoic era
golden
sexual reproduction in plant is studied in ____ of family ____
Capsella bursa pastoris
Brassicaceae
which family does capsella bursa pastoris belong to
brassicaceae
capsella bursa pastoris is a ____ weed, growing in ___ season
annual
winter
capsella bursa pastoris is homosporous or heterosporous
heterosporous
name the 2 spores in herterosporus condition
microspore
megaspore
megaspore forms ___ gametophyte
female
microspore forms ___ gametophyte
male
when microspore mother cell performs meiosis, it forms___
microspore or pollen grain or male gametophyte
in angiosperms, gamete formation is ___, from he sporophytic plant body
indirect
which fertilization event is a characteristic feature of angiosperms
double ferilization
unit of androecium is called
stamen (microsporophyll)
name the 3 parts of stamen
filament
connective
anther
which are the sterile parts of stamen
fliament
connective
__ part of stamen has microsporangium or pollen sac
anther
___ is the fertile part of stamen
anther
no of lobes of anther
2
each lobe of anther is differentated into ___
2 pollen chambers
2 other names for pollen chamber
theca or microsporangia
each lobe of anther is __
dithecus
anther is __sporangiate
tetrasporangiate
in ___ family, anther is monothecous, thus it is ____sporangiate
malvaceae (like china rose and lady finger)
bisporangiate
the smallest angiospermic plant is ___ and it is ___sporangiate
wolfia
bisporangiate
___ is the smallest leafless parasite and it has ___ anther
Arceuthobium
monosporangiate
mature anther is differentiated into __and ___
sporangial wall
sporogeneous tissue
young anther is __ shape and becomes __ chambered at maturity
oval
4 chambered
give the features of primary archesporial cell
large sized cells
dense cytoplasm
large and dark nucleus
by periclinal division of primary archesporial cell, __&__ are formed
primary parietal cell
primary sporogeneous cell
primary parietal later forms ___ by __divisions
sporangial wall
by periclinal and anticlinal division
wall of sporangium is differentiated into
epithelium
endothecium (single layer)
middle layer (1-3 layer)
tapetum (1 layer)
primary sporogeneous cell forms
sporogeneous tissue
sporogenous tissue formed by the primary sporogeneous cell gives rise to ___
pollen mother cell or microspore mother cell
microspore mother cell performs __or___ to form microspores or pollen grains
meiosis
microsporogenesis
name the site of dehiscence of sporangium
stromium
In ___ plant, due to the presence of ____, epidermis is known as exothecium
Areceuthobium
Fiberous thickening
Endothecium is found below
Epidermis
Outermost layer formed by primary parietal cell
Endothecium
Endothecium is ___ layered
Single
In endothecium, outer layer is ____
Thin
In endothecium, radial and inner wall are ____ due to presence of
Thick
Fiberous alpha cellulose
On radial wall of cells of endothecium, deposition of ____ is present
Callose
Due to presence of fiberous thickening, endothecium is ___ in nature
Hygroscopic in nature
At the place of ___, there is no cellulose fibers and callose on walls of endothecium
Strontium
____ is place of dehiscence of sporangium
Stromium
Middle layer of wall of anther is present between
Endothecium and tapetum
Middle layer is ____ layered
1 to 3
Function of middle layer of anther
Used in nutrition of developing micro spores , with the help of tapetum
Middle layer is __ in nature
Parenchymatous
Middle layer is ___ lived
Short lived
In ___ anther, middle layer is absent
Mature
—— is innermost layer of sporangial wall
Tapetum
Tapetum is present just outer to ___
Sporogenesis tissue
Initially, tapetum is ____, but at maturity of anther, it becomes _____ due to ____ or ____
Diploid
Polyploid
Endomitosis or free nuclear division
Tapetum is aka
Nutritive tissue
Tapetum is ___ layeres
Single
Besides nutrition, tapetum also helps in (4)
Sporopollenin formation
Pollen kit formation
Secretion of enzymes and hormones
Helps in meiosis of microspore mother cell
At the time of ____, tapetum is absent in anther
Dehiscence
Tapetum is ___ in nature
Multifunctional
Name the 2 types of tapetum
Ameboid tapetum
Glandular tapetum
Ameboid tapetum is present in ___ angiosperms
Primitive
In maximum angiosperms, ___ tapetum is present
Glandular
Example of organisms which ameboid tapetum
Typha
Alisma
Tradescantia
Example of organisms which have glandular tapetum
Capsella
Which is the invasive or periplasmodial tapetum
Ameboid
___ tapetum is short lived
Ameboid
Glandular tapetum is aka ____
Secretory tapetum
____ tapetum is long lived
Glandular
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Ameboid tapetum absorbs all the food material from the middle layer and converts it into protoplast bodies
These bodies form periplasmodium or periplasmodial bodies and are transferred to sporangium to provide nutrition
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In glandular type of tapetum there is no storage of food and the food absorbed from middle layer is transferred to sporangium directly
____ tapetum is long lived
Glandular
Before disintegration, tapetum forms
Proubisch body
After proubisch body is surrounded by sporopollenin, it is converted to __aka___
Ubisch body
Orbicules
In microsporangium, ubisch body is deposited on ____
Exine
Sporopollenin is a complex biopolymer of ___
Carotenoids
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Sporopollenin is resistant to physical chemical and biological disintegration
Sporopollenin helps in
Fertilization of pollen grains
Pollen kit is formed by
Lipid and carotenoid
Pollen kit is ___ in nature and helps in attachment of pollen grains to insect body ie it is helpful in
Hydrophobic
Insect pollination
What is microsporogenesis
In sporangium microspore mother cell, undergo meiosis and form microspore
Microspores are present on ___ form
Tetrad form (4 spore groups)
Tetrad May be __(5) shape
Tetrahedral Isobilateral Liner Deccussate T shape
In ____ plant, all the types of tetrad are present
Aristolochia elegans
Initially, all the microspores are attached with each other with the help of ____ . But at the time of pollination, microspores are separated by action of ___ enzyme which is secretes by ____
Callose
Callase
Tapetum
In dicots, meiosis two of microspore mother cell is ___ type
Simultaneous
In monocots, meiosis two of microspore mother cell is ___ type
Successive type
In dicotes, microspore are arranged in ___ shape
Tetrahedral tetrad
In monocots, microspores are arranged in ___ shape
Isobilateral tetrad
Deccussate arrangement of microspores is seen in
Magnolia
Linear arrangement of microspores is seen in
Halophila
T shape arrangement of microspores is seen in
Aristolochia
Pollen grain in ___ shape
Spherical
Diameter of pollen grain
25-50 micrometer
Pollen grain is surrounded by ___ layers namely
2
Exine
Intine
Describe intine of pollen grain
Soft
Thin
Elastic
Intine of pollen grain is made of
Cellulose
Pectin
What is germ pore
At a few places on pollen grain, exine is absent or present in a thin layer these places are called germ pore
Intine comes out in the form of ___or___
Germ tube
Pollen tube
Number of germ pores ,___,___ helps in ____
Shape of pores
Ornamentation
Taxonomy
In dicotes, pollen grains have 3 ___ chapped germ pore and it is called ____ condition
Circular or lens shaped
Tricolpate
In monocots there is ___ germ pores present called ___ and it is ___ condition
Single
Germinal furrow
Monocolpate
Study of pollen grain is called
Palynology
Father of palynology
Erdtmann
Father of Indian palynology
P K Nair
Development of anther is ___ type
Eusporangiate type
Development from a group of cells
___ is first cell of male gametophyte
Microspore
What is precocious or insitu germination
Germination of male gametophyte starts when microspores are present in microsporangium before dehiscence
Before pollination development of male gametophyte is ___ ie ____
Insitu
At Mother place
The smaller nucleus in a mature pollen grain is ___ and is found ____ and the larger nucleus is called ___
Generative nucleus
Found near the wall of pollen grain
Vegetative nucleus
Vegetative nucleus is aka
Tube nucleus
Tube nucleus involves ___
Formation and growth of pollen tube
Unequal cytokinesis results in formation of large sized ___ cell aka ____ and smaller cell called ____ aka ___
Vegetative cell
Siphonogenous cell
Generative cell
Spermatogenous cell
In 60% angiosperms, pollination takes place at 2 celled stage and in remaining angiosperms it was takes place at ____ celled stage
3
Development of male gametophyte after in situ development takes place at
Stigma of gynoecium
How does the intine come into the style in the form of pollen tube
Pollen grain absorbs moisture and sugar substances and so the volume of the pollen grain increases
As a result the exine breaks and intine comes out in the form of pollen tube
In pollen tube, first, ____ cell enters which is at terminal positon and then ___ cell enters
Vegetative cell
Generative cell
In pollen tube, ___ cell divides mitotically and forms two non Motile male gametes
Generative
Male gametophyte is ___ celled composed of ____
3
I vegetative cells and 2 male gametes
Unit of female sex organ
Carpel
Carpel is aka
Megasporohyll
___ is receptive part of gynoecium
Stigma
Ovules are aka
Integumented megasporangium
Ovules are attached on
Placentas
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In capsella, ovary is bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary, unilocular but becomes bilocular due to formation of false septum called
Replum
___ is main part of ovule
Nucellus
___ is region of ovule which lacks integument
Micropyle
___(2)+___= egg aparatus
Synergids
Egg cell
In most of the cases, nucellus is utilized during development of embryo but in few cases it remains inside the ovule in the form of a thin layer called
Perisperm
Perisperm is found in
Black pepper
Ginger
Turmeric
Castor
___ is a type of third integument which is developed from funical
At the base of ovule
Aril
Aril example
Edible part of litchi
Arillodes are developed from ____ and grow downwards and cover ____
Tip of outer integument
Cover entire ovule
Eg of arillodes
Pithicolobium
Sarcotesta is __\
Outer fleshy integument
Sarcotesta is found in____ family
Magnoliaceae family
Caruncle is aka
Strophiole
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Caruncle is formed by outgrowth of outer integument and covers micropyle eg.castor.
It contains sugary substances and help in germination and dispersal of seeds by ants known as myrmecochory
What is myrmecochory
Despersal of seeds by ants
___ is a unicellular thread like structure which develops from ____ and is present on testa. Such seed are known as ___ seeds
Coma
Outer integument
Camose
Egs of coma
Callotropis
Cotton
Type of ovule on the basis of number of integuments
Unitegmic
Bitegmic
Ategmic
Type of ovule on the basis of amount of nucellus
Teninnucellate
Crassinucleate
Type of ovule on the basis of relative position of micropyle, chalaza, funicle and shape of embryo
Orthotropus Anatropus Hemitropus Amphitropus Campylotropus Circinotropus
Examples of unitegmic ovule
Gymnosperms
Gamopetaleae of dicots
Examples of bitegmic ovule
Monocots
Polypetaleae of monocots
Examples of ategmic ovary
Olax
Loranthus
Santalum
Examples of tenninnucellate ovary
Gamopetaleae
Examples of crassinucellate ovary
Polypetaleae of monocots
Orthotropus ovule is aka(3)
Atropus
Straight or upright ovule
Symmetrical ovule
____ is the simple and primitive type of ovule
Orthotropus
Orthotropus ovule is seen in
Gymnosperms
Betal
Polygonum
Anatropus is a __ ovule
Inverted
____ is a typical type of ovule
Anatropus
Ovule is placed at 180 degrees with funical in ____ ovule
Anatropus
___ ovule is found in maximum angiosperms and in peas but not in capsella
Anatropus
Hemitropus ovule is aka
Hemianatropus
Horizontal ovule
Example of ovule which are hemitropus
Ranunculus
Primula
In ___ ovule, embryo becomes horse shoe shaped
Amphitropus
Amphitropus ovule is ___ in structure
Double curved ovule
Amphitropus ovule is found in
Mimosa
Lemna
Alisma
Poppy
In which ovule, micropyle and chalaza are not in a straight line and micropyle is near the funicle
Campylotropus
Campylotropus ovule is found in
Bassicaeceae
Leguminaceae (except peas)
Capsella
In circinotropus ovule,
Ovule is present at ____ with funicle
360 degrees
In____ ovule, funicle is elongated and covers ovule form each side
Circinotropus
Circinotropus ovule is found in
Cactaeceae family (opuntia)
