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Botany > Genetics 1 Principles Of Inheritance > Flashcards

Genetics 1 Principles Of Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics is the branch of biology which deals with

A

Inheritance of characters and variations

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2
Q

Define inheritance

A

Transfer of characters from one generation to another

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3
Q

Define variation

A

Degree of dissimilarities between parents and offsprings or members of same species

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4
Q

Father of genetics

A

Gregor J Mendel

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5
Q

Father of modern genetics

A

W Bateson

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6
Q

Who gave the term genetics

A

W Bateson

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7
Q

Father of experimental genetics

A

T H Morgan

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8
Q

TH Morgan did an experiment on ___

A

Drosophila (fruit fly)

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9
Q

TH Morgan gave the concepts of (6)

A 
Crossing over
Recombination
Linkange
Cross cross inheritance 
Sex linkange
Linkage map of drosophila
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10
Q

Father of human genetics

A

A Garrod

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11
Q

___+___= genetics

A

Inheritance

Variations

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12
Q

Father of biochemical genetics

A

A Garrod

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13
Q

Father of human and biochemical genetics

A

A Garrod

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14
Q

A Garrod discovered _____ known as ____ or ____

A

First human metabolic genetic disaster

Alkaptonuria (black urine disease)

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15
Q

A Garrod gave the concept that

A

1 gene= I metabolic block

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16
Q

Variations that were naturally present in wild populations of plants and animals were selectivly bread (past of breed) and organisms which desirable characters produced. An example of this ?

A

Sahiwal cow in Punjab

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17
Q

Types of variations

A

Somatic variation

Germinal variation

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18
Q

What are somatic variations

A

Non inheritable variations like broken tail of mice

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19
Q

_____ variations are inheritable

A

Germinal variations

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20
Q

Germinal variation can be divided intine

A

Continuous and discontinuous variation

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21
Q

Continuous variation occurs due to ____

A

Crossing over

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22
Q

Discontinuous variation occurs due to

A

Mutations

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23
Q

Just read this :)

A

Discontinuous variation occurs randomly

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24
Q

Discontinuous variation can be divided into

A

Substantive

Meristic

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25
Q

Substantive variations affect ________________________

A

Shape
Size
Color

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26
Q

Examples of substantive variations

A

Short legged Ancon sheep

Hornless or polled cattle

Hairless cats

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27
Q

What are meristic variations

A

They affect number of parts

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28
Q

Example of meristic variations

A

Polydactyly (6 or more digits in human)

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29
Q

Mendel proposed that something was being stably passed down, unchanged from parent to offspring through the gametes in successive generations these were called

A

Factors

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30
Q

Now, factors are called ___

A

Genes

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31
Q

The term gene was given by

A

Johannsen

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32
Q

Gene is defined as

A

Functional unit of inheritance

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33
Q

Chemically, what is a gene

A

Segment of DNA that has a particular function (synthesis of polypeptides)

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34
Q

1 gene makes _____ which makes 1 ___ which does one metabolic activity which produces 1 ___

A

Protein
Enzyme
Characteristic

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35
Q

Genes are located on

A

Chromosomes

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36
Q

Alkaptonuria or black urine disease ,_____ enzyme is deficient

A

Homolgentisic acid oxidase

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37
Q

Germinal variations are aka

A

Blastogenic variations

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38
Q

genes which code fir a pair of contrasting traits are known as ____

A

allels

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39
Q

___ are slightly gifferent forms of the same gene

A

alleles

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40
Q

the term allele was used by__

A

bateson

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41
Q

allele is abbreviated form of term ________

A

allelomorphs

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42
Q

external appearence or morphology of plant part is known as

A

phenotype

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43
Q

phenotype is controlled by (2)

A

geneotype and environmental conditions

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44
Q

what is genotype

A

genetic makeup or genetic compositionfor any phenotype is known as genotype

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45
Q

if both alleles are same in an individual it is known as _____. eg.

A

homozygous

TT,tt

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46
Q

if both copies of gene are of different type in an individual it is known as

A

heterozyygous condition

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47
Q

what is hemizygous condition

A

in a diploid organism, if only 1 factor is responsible for characters, it is known as hemizygous condition

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48
Q

eg of hemizygous condition

A

human male is hemizygous for sex linked genes

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49
Q

what are phenocopies?

A

if different genotypes are placed in different environmental conditions and consequently they produce same phenotype, these genotypes are phenocopy of eachother

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50
Q

pre mendelian gentics was also known as

A

blending inheritance

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51
Q

what is blending inheritance

A

before mendel it was assumed that genetic material is of liquid or fluid nature

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52
Q

medels full name

A

gregor johann mendel

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53
Q

mendel was born in the year ___ at ___ in ___

A

1822
heizendorf
austria

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54
Q

mendel worked as a __ in brum city, austria

A

monk

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55
Q

mendel dies in the year ___ due to ____ disease or kindney failure

A

1884

bright disease

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56
Q

life span of menderl

A

62 years

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57
Q

mendel did experiments on pisum sativum for __ years from __ to ___

A

7 years

1856-1863

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58
Q

pisum sativum is aka

A

garden pea

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59
Q

a paper of mendel by the name ___ was published in __ journal, by the natural history society of ___

A

experiment in plant hybridisation

nature for schlender varien

Brunn

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60
Q

after ___ years of mendels death in the year ___, 3 of his students published experiments and results of mendel as mendelism

A

16

1900

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61
Q

name the 3 students of mendel and their country

A

carl correns (germany)
hugo de vries (holland)
tschemark (austria)

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62
Q

what did carl correns, hugo de vries, tschesmark do?

A

they published experiments and results of mendel as mendelism after 16 yrs (1900) of mendels death

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63
Q

what are the 3 reasons for failure of mendel

A

due to lack of communication

fame of darwins ideas

mendels method of mathematical and statistical analyisis was not accepted by scientists of that time

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64
Q

5 reasons of success of mendel

A

he studied inheritance of only 1 or 2 characters at a time

selection of garden pea for studying

quantitatively analyzed the inheritance of qualitative characters

mendel maintained statistical results of all his experiments

studied 7 pairs of contrasting characters on 4 pair of chromosomes (1,4,5,7)

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65
Q

carl correns did experiments on

A

maize

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66
Q

hugo de vris did experiment on

A

evening primrose
aka
oenothera lemarciana

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67
Q

tschesmark did experiments on

A

different flowering plants

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68
Q

stem height was on ___ chromosome and dominatnt feature? and recessive?

A

4th chromosome
d-tall
r-dwarf

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69
Q

flower position was on ___ chromosome and dominatnt feature? and recessive?

A

4th chromosome
d-axial
r-terminal

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70
Q

pod shape was on ___ chromosome and dominatnt feature? and recessive?

A

4 th chromosome
d-inflated
r-constricted

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71
Q

pod color was on ___ chromosome and dominatnt feature? and recessive?

A

5th chromosome
d-green
r-yellow

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72
Q

seed shape was on ___ chromosome and dominatnt feature? and recessive?

A

7th chromosome

d-rounded
r-wrinkled

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73
Q

seed color was on ___ chromosome and dominatnt feature? and recessive?

A

1st chromosome

d-yellow
r-green

74
Q

flower color was on ___ chromosome and dominatnt feature? and recessive?

A

1 chromosome

d-violet/red
r-white

75
Q

out of the contrasting characters that mendel chose, ___ characters are present for seed

A

2 (seed shape and seed color)

76
Q

out of the contrasting characters that mendel chose, ___ characters are present for flower

A

2 (flower position and flower color)

77
Q

out of the contrasting characters that mendel chose, ___ characters are present for stem

A

1 (stem height)

78
Q

out of the contrasting characters that mendel chose, ___ characters are present for pod

A

(pod shape;pod color;flower position(as flower position determines pod position)

79
Q

mendel used __ and ___ technique for cross pollination of pisum sativum

A

emasculation

bagging

80
Q

fertilisation between male and female results in formation of _____

A

first filial generation (F1)

81
Q

if plants of F1 generation are ____, F2 generation is achieved

A

self pollinated

82
Q

what is the monohybrid ratio

A

3:1 (dominant:recessive)

83
Q

what is the genotypic ration of monohybrid cross

A

1:2:1

84
Q

what is monohybrid cross

A

when we consider inheritance of only 1 character in a cross

85
Q

___&___ law were based on monohybrid cross

A

law of dominance and law of segregation

86
Q

just read this ヽ(✿ﾟ▽ﾟ)ノ

A

when 2 diferent unit factors are present in single individual of F1 generatoin , only 1 unit factor can express itself called dominant unit factor and the other one which fails to express itself is called recessive unit factor

87
Q

law od dominence is based on __generation

A

F1 generatiuon

88
Q

___ and ___ are exceptions of law of ddominence

A

incomplete dominance

co-dominance

89
Q

law of segregation is based on ___ generation

A

F2

90
Q

just readf this ○( ＾皿＾)っ Hehehe…

A

law of segregation: during gamete formation, unit factors of a pair segregate randomly and reach to different gametes.each gamete revieves only 1 factor, so gametes are pure for a particular trait

91
Q

what is the first law of inheritance

A

law of dominance

92
Q

law of segregation is aka

A

law of purity of gametes

93
Q

what is the biological basis of law of segregation

A

separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase 1 of meiosis

94
Q

formula for number of gametres

A

`2^n n

n=no of heterozygosity

95
Q

number of offspring/zygote

A

no of gametes^2

96
Q

number of types of phenotype

A

2^n

97
Q

no of types of genotype

A

3^n

98
Q

flowers of pisum sativum naturally show which type of pollination

A

pisum sativum naturally show self pollination

99
Q

true or false: a true breeding line shows stable trait inheritance

A

true

true breeding line=homozygous
stable trait inheritance: no variation

100
Q

pisum sativum produce a ___ no of offspring and completes in life cycle in ___ season(s)

A 
large no of offspring
1 season (annual plant)`
101
Q

how many true breeding plant variations were taken by mendel

A

14

102
Q

when we study 2 pairs of contrasting characteristics in an inheritance it is called ___

A

dihybrid cross

103
Q

eg of dihybrid cross

A

round and yellow seed crossed with wrinkled and green seeded pure plant

104
Q

in dihybrid cross, on selfing between F1 generation, phenotypes are obtained in _____ ratio

A

9:3:3:1

105
Q

on the basis of __________, mendel proposed a 3rd law of inheritance aka

A

dihybrid cross

law of independent assortment

106
Q

biological basis of 3rd law

A

the non homologous chromosome show random distribution at metaphase plate during metaphase 1

107
Q

________ is an exception of independent assortment

A

linkage

108
Q

probability of n number of sons/daughters to a couple

A

(1/2)^n

109
Q

what is back cross

A

cross between F1 progeny and parents (either dominant or recessive)

110
Q

back cross is divided into (2)

A

out cross and test cross

111
Q

what crossing occurs in out cross

A

F1*dominant parent

112
Q

what crossing occurs in test cross

A

F1 * recessive parents

113
Q

monohybrid test cross ratio

A

1:1

114
Q

dihybrid test cross ratio

A

1:1:1:1

115
Q

to know the genotype of dominant character ____ is used

A

test cross

116
Q

if linkage is present, ratio of dihybrid test cross is changed from 1:1:1:1 to _______ (coupling)

A

7:1:1:7

117
Q

if linkage is present, ratio of dihybrid test cross is changed from 1:1:1:1 to _______ (repulsion)

A

1:7:7:1

118
Q

____ is when dominent tries to remain with dominant and reccessive with recessive

A

coupling

119
Q

when dominant gene tries to retain with recessive and recessive with dominant it is called

A

repulsion

120
Q

types of gene interaction

A

allelic and non allelic

121
Q

what is allelic gene interaction

A

interaction between alleles of a single gene

122
Q

what is non allelic gene interaction

A

interaction between alleles of more than 1 gene

123
Q

give 5 examples of allelic gene interaction

A 
incomplete dominancy
co dominancy
multiple allesim
pleotropy
lethal gene
124
Q

examples (4) of non allelic

A

epistalsis
complementary gene
duplicate gene
polygenic inheritance

125
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

if F1 hybrid does not resemble to any of the parents and shows intermediate phenotype of parent

126
Q

incomplete dominancy is the result of ___

A

blending inheritance

127
Q

incomplete dominancy was discovered by ____ in ___

A 
correns
mirabilis jalapa (4 o clock plant)
128
Q

4 examples of incomplete dominance

A

flower color of mirabilis

flower color of snapdragon (dog flower/antirrhinum)

starch grain size of pea

feather color andalusian fowls(chicken)

129
Q

flower color of snapdragon F1 ratio

A

pink (Rr)

130
Q

phenotypic ratio of flower color of snapdragon

A

1:2:1 (red:pink:white)

131
Q

genotypic ratio of flower color of snapdragon

A

1:2:1 (RR:Rr:rr)

132
Q

what is the phenotype of size of starch grain (of pea) F1 generation

A

medium sized

133
Q

phenotypic ratio of F2 of starch grain of pea size

A

large:medium:small

134
Q

genotypic ratio of inheritance of starch grain of pea

A

1:2:1 (BB:Bb:bb)

135
Q

if the phenotype of the F1 hybrid resembles to both the parents (both express together) it is called

A

co dominancy

136
Q

give 3 examples of co dominancy

A

skin color of cattle

AB blood group

carrier of sickle cell anemia

137
Q

f1 generation of co dominancy of skin color of cattles produces ____ cattle

A

roans ( consisting of 2 differrent colors)

138
Q

what is multiple allelism

A

if character is controlled by more than 2 alleles of a gene

139
Q

in multiple allelism, multiple alleles are on same ____ of homologous chromosome

A

locus

140
Q

____ can only be found when POPULATION studies are made

A

multiple alleles

141
Q

ABO blood group of human has ___ alleles

A

3

142
Q

eye color of drosophila has ___ alleless

A

12

143
Q

coat color of rabbits has __ alleles

A

4 alleles

144
Q

ABO blood group is controlled by gene: ___

A

I (capital i)

145
Q

gene I is present on chromosome no ___

A

9

146
Q

the 3 alleles of ABO blood grouping

A

Ia
Ib
Io/i

147
Q

what is the function of Ia

A

forms sugar on plasma membrane of RBCs called antigen A

148
Q

what is the function of Ib allele

A

forms sugar on plasma membrane of RBCs called antigen B

149
Q

alleles IA and IB are dominant oven allele ____ but IA and IB are ____

A

IO

co dominant

150
Q

for blood group, ___ phenotypes and ___ geneotypes are present

A

4 phenotypes

6 geneotypes

151
Q

in diploid organisms, ___ alleles of a gene are present

A

2 alleles (thus all 3 allels of gene I can be analysed in human POPULATION)

152
Q

if IAIB is the genotype, which antigen is present on RBCs

A

A and B

153
Q

if IOIO genotype is present, which antigen on RBCs

A

no antigen

154
Q

type of phenotype in multiple allelism

A

n+1 (n=no of alleles)

eg. blood grp. 3+1=4

155
Q

no of genotype for multiple allelism formula

A

(n)(n+1)/2

156
Q

which blood group is universal donor

A

o

157
Q

which blood group is universal acceptor

A

AB

158
Q

what is lethal gene

A

gene responsible for death of individual is known as lethal gene

159
Q

lethal gene shows lethality when it comes in ____ condition

A

dominant

160
Q

true or false: lethal gene may be dominant or recessive

A

true

161
Q

in yellow coat of mice, ____ condition is lethal

A

homozygous dominant (YY)

162
Q

in yellow coat color in mice, Y represent ___, and y represent __

A

yellow coat color (dominant)

brown coat color

163
Q

ratio of phenotype and genotype of yellow coat of mice F1 generation

A

2:1 (as YY dies before being born )

164
Q

what is pleiotropic gene

A

more than 1 gene controls many characters

165
Q

____ gene shows multiple phenotypic effect

A

pleiotropic gene

166
Q

multiple phenotypic effect occurs when product of gene effects more than 1 metabolic pathway and thus effect different phenotype

A

:)

167
Q

in drosophila, gene of wing size also affects: (3)

A

fertility
shape of spermatheca
eye color

168
Q

sickle cell anemia is a _____ disease

A

autonomous (not controlled by sex chromosomes, controlled by autosomes)

169
Q

sickle cell anemia is a ___ trait

A

recessive

170
Q

sickle cell anemia is caused by substitution of ___ with ___ at 6th position of ____ of Hb molecule

A

glutamic acid
valine
beta globin chain

171
Q

sickle cell anemia is caused by substitution of glutamic acid with valine at___ position of beta globin chain of Hb molecule, due to substitution of codon : ____ by ____ on ___

A

6th position
GAG
GUG
mRNA

172
Q

in sickle cell anaemia, transversion takes place

A

:=)

173
Q

disease is transmitted from parent to offspring when ___

A

both the parents are carrier of gene (heerozygous)

174
Q

carrier of sickle cell anaemia is a result of _____. they are semi lethal

A

co dominance

175
Q

in human genes of sickle cell anaemia, HbS is lethal in ___ condition

A

homozygous

176
Q

the process of formation of mRNA from DNA is called

A

transcription

177
Q

the process of formation of protein from mRNA is called

A

translation

178
Q

non allelic gene interaction?

A

interaction between alleles of 2 different genes ie interaction between alleles present on diffeerent loci

179
Q

complimaentary gene is an example of ____

A

non allelic gene interaction

180
Q

complimentary gene was discovered by ___&___

A

bateson and punnett

181
Q

the experiment by bateson and punnett wad performed on

A

Lathyrus odoratus

182
Q

bateson and punnett used used _____ (number,color) flowers plant for the cross of lathyrus odoratus

A

2 white colored

Botany (5 decks)

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