morphology of flowering plants except floral formulae Flashcards by Swasti Bansal

roots are positively ____ and negatively ___

geotropic

phototropic

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tap root system is usually found in ___ plants

dicot

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in ____ plants, primary root is short lived. such roots are called___ roots

monocots

fiberous

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wheat plant has ____ root system

fiberous

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define adventitious root system

roots develop from any parts of the plant other than the radicle

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4 examples of plants with adventitious root system

Grass, Monstera, Banyan tree, sweet potato

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4 functions of roots

storage of reserve food materials
absorption of water and minerals from the soil
provide anchorage to plant
synthesis of plant growth regulators

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name the 4 regions of the root

root cap
region of meristamic activity
region of elongation
region of maturation

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root cap in made of ____ cells

parenchymatous cells

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describe the cells of region of meristematic activity in the root

thin walled, small, dense protoplasm

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region of elongation is respesponsible for

growth of root, lenth wise

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in region of maturation, cells of zone of elongation ___ and ____

differentiate and mature

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root hairs are formed from ___ region

region of maturation

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funtion of root hairs

increases the surface area for absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

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give exmaples of storage roots ( 4 tap roots and1 adventitios plant)

tap root of:
carrot
 turnip
 radish
 beet

adventitious roots:
sweet potato, get swollen
and store food

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respiratory roots are found in ___ plant

Rhizophora

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respiraory roots are also called

pneumatophores.

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where do prop roots arise from

branches of stem

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function of prop roots

providing mechanical support to heavy branches

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scientific name of banyan tree

Ficus benghalensis

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what is the function of root cap

to protect the tender apex of root

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where do stilt roots arise from

lower nodes of stem

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function of stilt roots

support main axis

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special feature of stilt roots___

enter the soil obliquely

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examples of plants with stilt roots

sugar cane | maize

the ___ part of the embryo give rise to stem

plumule

what are nodes

The region bearing leaves, present at regular intervals on the stem and its branches are called nodes

define bud

``` A bud is defined as the ~ young, ~immature, ~under developed, compact shoot ```

terminal bud is present at which part of the plant

tip of stem

what is axil

The angle made between the | leaves and the upper part of the stem is called the axil

what is axillary bud

The bud which is present at the axil is called | axillary bud.

Functions of the Stem

1. Stem bears and supports leaves, flowers and fruits. 2. It conducts water and minerals salts from roots to leaves and fruits. 3. The food manufactured in the leaves is transported to the roots, fruits and organs of storage through the stem.

what is the function of underground stem

it helps to store food act as organs of perennation to tide over conditions unfavorable for growth.

example of rhizome underground strem

ginger banana turmeric ferns

which type of stem grows parallely to the horizontal surface

rizome

which stem bears nodes, internodes, buds and SCALY leaves

rhizome (and) corm

which stem is swollen on account of accumulation of food?

tuber

give examples of tuber stem

potato Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke)

which stem grows vertically beaneath the soil surface and is unbranched

corm

give examples of corm stem(5)

``` Colocasia Gladiolus Colchicum Crocus Amorphophallus (Zaminkand) ```

which stem is reduced and disc shaped

bulb

example of bulb(3)

onion lily garlic

In some plants the ___ present on the stem modify to form stem tendrils

axillary buds

functions of stem tendrils

climbing organs of plant coil around a nearby support provide support to weak and tender stem

examples of plants with stem tendrils

grape vines | gourds (pumpkin, watermelon, cucumber)

thorns are formed from ___ part of the plant

axillary buds

hard woody and pointed modification of stem

thorns

function of thorns

protetion from browsing animals

examples of plants with thorns

Citrus and Bougainvillea

Pistia and Eichhornia contain a lateral branch which bear short internodes, this is modification of which stem

offsets

___ are underwater modifications of stem

offsets

each node bears a rosette of leaves above and a cluster (tuft) of roots below in which type of stem modification

offsets

________ grow below the surface of the soil to some distance and then emerges out obliquely to form the aerial shoot

sukers

in ____ the lateral branches originate from the | basal and underground portion of the main stem

suker

examples of sukers

banana crysanthamum pineapple

_____is elongated, prostrate branch with long internodes and roots at nodes

runners

example of plants with runners

grass | Oxalis

____ type of stems grow aerially for some time arch downwards to touch the ground

stolons

example of plants with stolon stem

jasmine | mint

Plants present in arid regions modify their stem into flattened (eg___) or fleshy cylindrical structures (eg.____), called ____

opuntia euphorbia phylloclades

____ stem is modified into a leaf like structure for photosynthesis (usually one internode long) while leaves reduced to scales or spines

cladode

example of plants with cladode stem

Asparagus | Ruscus

leaf originates from ____

shoot apical meristem

leaf grows in ____successsion

acropetal (upwards from the base or point of attachment)

``` The lowermost (basal) part of the leaf by which the leaf is attached to the node of the stem is called ```

leaf base

Leaf base may bear two lateral small leaf like structures called _________

stipules

in ____, leaf base expands to form a sheath covering the stem wholly or partially.

monocots

In some leguminous plants, the leaf base swells and is called .___

pulvinus

The cylindrical stalk that joins the leaf base with the leaf blade (lamina) is called ____

petiole

function of petiole

holds the leaf blade above the level of the stem so as to provide sufficient light to the leaf . allows leaf blade to flutter in wind( flexible). It thus produces a cooling effect in leaves by bringing fresh air to the leaf surface.

The leaf blade is supported by the ____ | and ____

veins | and veinlets.

The prominent vein present in the middle of the leaf blade is called ________

midrib.

The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina or leaf blade is termed as

venation.

in ____ venation, the veinlets form a network

reticulate

reticulate venation generally occurs in -__ plants

dicots

examples of plants in reticulate venation

peepal Hibiscus Luffa

The venation where the veins run parallel to each other within a lamina?

Parallel venation

parallel venation eg.

banana

3 features of simple leaves

the leaf blade is not divided when incised, the incisions do not touch the midrib It has bud at the axil of the petiole.

The leaf in which the lamina or leaf blade is completely broken into distinct leaflets is called

compound leaves

where is the bud of compound leaf present

at axil of petiole ( below all the leaflets)

In pinnately compound leaf, the midrib forms a common axis called ____

rachis

example of pinnately compund leaf

neem

In ___ leaf, the leaflets are attached to a common point

palmately compound

example of palmately compound leaf

silk cotton

define phyllotaxy

The pattern in which the leaves are arranged on the stem or its branches is called phyllotaxy

how are leaves arranged in alternate phyllotaxy

In alternate phyllotaxy, single leaf is present at each node in an alternate fashion.

give examples (3) of plants that show alternate phyllotaxy

china rose (shoe flower) mustard sunflower

what happens in opposite phyllotaxy

a pair of leaves arise at each node on opposite side. leaves generally lie opposite to each other at each node

examples (2) of plants with opposite phyllotaxy

guava, calotropis

give 2 features of whorled phyllotaxy

more than two leaves arise at each node and form a whorl or a circle. leaves of one whorl alternate (perpendicularly) the leaves of the next successive whorl so that all leaves receive maximum sunlight

give 2 examples of plants with whorled phyllotaxy

Alstonia, Nerium.

function of leaf tendrils

give support to plant while climbing

example of plants with leaf tendriles

pea | sweet pea

function of leaf spines

reduce transpiration and protect the plants from browsing animals

leaves are modifies as fleshy storage organs in which 2 plants

onion | garlic

what happens in phyllodes (to the petiole)

petioles modify to form flat, green-coloured leaf-like structure which performs the function of photosynthesis.

the flower is considered as the modified ____

shoot.

When the ______ changes to floral meristem then the shoot bears flowers

apical shoot meristem

When the ___ transforms into a flower, | it is always solitary

shoot tip

define inflorescence

The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis of the plant is known as inflorescence.

In____ inflorescence, the shoot axis continue to grow indefinitely

racemose

In____ inflorescence, acropetal succession is there

racemose

what is acropetal successoin

younger flowers are present towards the apex and the older flowers are present at the base

give 3 examples of plants of racemose inflorescence

lupin radish mustard

In ____ inflorescence, the main axis (peduncle) terminates into a flower and hence has a limited growth

cymose

in cymose inflorescence the flowers are borne in a _____ order

basipetal

give example of cymose inflorescence

``` Begonia,(memorize like begonia is like 'be gone', so it wants the plant to be gone, so it wontlet it grow, so cymose) Teak Bougainvillea Dianthus Solanum. ```

The ____ is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms

flower

flower consists of four whorls which are successively arranged on the ___ aka ____

thalamus or receptacle.

Thalamus is the swollen end of the ___

pedicel

pedicel is aka

stalk

The four whorls present in a flower are

calyx corolla, androecium, gynoecium

The ___ and____ are non-essential, accessory organs of the flower

calyx | corolla

In some flowers like lily, the calyx and corolla are not distinct and are termed as ____

perianth

the members of perianth are known as ____

tepals

example of bisexual flower

pea | hibuscus

example of unisexual flower

maize

what is Trimerous flower

When all the floral appendages (whorls) are in the multiples of three.

Tetramerous flower?

When all the floral appendages are in the multiples of four.

Pentamerous flower?

When all the floral appendages are in the multiples of five

Bracteate flower?

Flower with bracts {bract is a leaf or leaf-like structure from the axil out of which a stalk of a flower or an inflorescence arises while sepal is ( one of the component parts of the calyx, when this consists of separate (not fused) parts.}

Ebracteate flower?

Flower without bracts.

Actinomorphic flower ?

radial symmetry

Zygomorphic flower ____

bilateral symmetry

Actinomorphic flower eg

mustard Datura, chilli.

Zygomorphic flower eg

pea gulmohur bean Cassia.

asymmetric flower eg

canna

hypogynous flower?

The flower in which gynoecium occupies the highest position while the other parts are situated below it are called hypogynous

ovary in hypogynous flower is said to be

superior

example of hypogynous flower(4)

mustard, china rose, brinjal Petunia.

If gynoecium is situated in the centre and other parts of the flower are located on the rim or periphery of the thalamus, almost at the same level as the ovary, then flower is called _____

perigynous.

in perigynous flower, ovary is said to be

half inferior

example of perigynous flowers | 3

plum rose peach

The flowers in which the margin of the thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting fused with it, the other parts of the flower arise above the ovary is called

epigynous

in epigynous flower, ovary is said to be

inerior

example of epigynous flower(4)

guava cucumber, bittergourd, the ray floret of sunflower

Calyx is the ____ whorl of the flower and the members are called ____

outermost | sepals

function of sepals

protect the flower at bud stage

gamosepalous flower?

sepals are fused united

polysepalous?

sepals are free

Corolla is the ____whorl of the flower

second

The individual leaf segment of the corolla is said to be ____

petals

random fact that i couldnt think of a question for | :)

Like calyx, corolla may be also free (polypetalous) or united (gamopetalous).

The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to the other member of the same whorl is called ___

aestivation.

in ____ aestivation, the margin of sepals or petals, present in a whorl just touch each other

valvate

There is no overlapping between the sepals or petals in ____ aestivation

valvate

eg of flower with valvate aestivation

calotropis

in ____ aestivation, margin of one petal or sepal overlaps the margin of the adjacent successive petal or sepal and so on

twisted

name the 4 types of aestivation

vexillary twisted valvate imbricate

In ___ aestivation, margin of petals or sepals overlaps each other but not in a particular direction.

imbricate

example of twisted aestivation

China rose, lady’s finger and cotton.

example of imbricate aestivartion

Cassia, gulmohur.

In ___ aestivation the largest petal (STANDARD) overlaps the two smaller lateral petals (WINGS) which in turn overlap the two smallest anterior petals (KEEL)

vexillary

eg of vexillary flower

pea | beans

androcium is composed of

stamens

stamens consist of

anther, filament

Anthers are usually bilobed. | Each lobe contains two ____ or ____.

microsporangia or pollen sacs

The ____ are produced in pollen sacs

pollen grains

a sterile stamen is called a ___

staminode

When a stamen is attached to the petal, then it is called ___

epipetalous

example of epipetalous flower

brinjal

example of epiphylllous flower

lily

when the stamen is attached | to the perianth then it is said to be ___

epiphyllous

When the stamens are free then they are called | ____

polyandrous

when stamens are united in a single bundle, then it is called

monoadelphous

eg of monoadelphous condition

china rose

when stamens are united in two bundles, then it is called

diadelphous

when stamens are united in 2 or more bundles, then it is called

polyadelphous

eg. of polyadelphous flower

citrus

when carpels of a flower are free they are called

apocarpous

when carpels of a flower are fused they are called

syncarpous

3 parts of a carpel

ovary style stigma

in a flower, The ovules are attached to a flattened, | cushion-like structure called ___

placenta

The ovary has one or more chambers aka ___

loculi

The ovary containing one chamber is __, two chambers is ___, three chamber is ___

unilocular bilocular triocular

The wall of the ovary after fertilisation forms the ____

pericarp or fruit wall

____ acts as the receptive organ for pollen | grains during pollination.

Stigma

After fertilisation ovules develop into ___ and ovary matures into a ____.

seeds | fruit

The arrangement of ovules on placenta within the ovary is known as ___

placentation

The placenta in ___ placentation forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary. The ovules are borne in two alternate rows along the ridge

marginal

eg of marginal placentation

pea

in ____ placentation, the placenta is present in the axial position and the ovules are attached to it in a multilocular ovary

axile

eg of axile placetatation

china rose tomato lemon

in ___ placentation The ovary is one-chambered (unilocular) but become two-chambered due to the formation of the false septum

parietal

The ovules are borne on central axis and septa are absent in the ovary in ___ placentation

free central

examples of plants with free central placentation(2)

primrose | dianthus

The placenta develops at the base of the ovary in ___ placentation

basal

in ___ placentation a single ovule attached to the placenta

basal

Some fruits which are formed without fertilisation are called + example (2)

parthenocarpic fruits. banana grape

A fruit mainly consists of two parts namely ___and ___

fruit wall and seed.

fruit wall is aka

pericarp

fruit wall develops from ___

wall of ovary

if the pericarp is thick and fleshy then it differentiates into three different layers namely ?

epicarp mesocarp endocarp

The fruit which develops from ovary is called ?

true fruit.

If any floral part other than ovary takes part in fruit formation, it is called ___ aka ___, e.g., (2)

``` false fruit (pseudocarp) Apple, Pear. ```

Fruit developing from the syncarpous ovary of the single flower with or without accessory parts is called ___

simple fruit

` The seed coat has two layers, the outer | ----- and the inner _____

testa | tegmen

The hilum is a scar | on the seed coat through which the____ were attached to the fruit.

developing seeds

Above the hilum is a | small pore called the ____

micropyle.

Embryo consists of an embryonal axis and | two___

cotyledons

in some seeds such as castor endosperm | is a __________________

food storing tissue

Endosperm is formed as a result of ____

double fertilization.

~~~~~~smile gorlllll~~~~~~~ :)

yeet

bean, gram and pea have ___seeds

non endospermous

true or false: orchids are monocots that are non endospermic

true

in monocot seeds, The | outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinaceous layer called ____v

aleurone layer

in monocot seeds: It consists of one large and shield | shaped cotyledon known as ___

scutellum

in monocot seeds The plumule and radicle are enclosed in sheaths which are called ____ and ___ respectively

coleoptile | coleorrhiza

if the nucellus remains persistent in the seed and is called ___

perisperm.

perisperm. eg.

Piper nigrum (black pepper).