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Botany > morphology of flowering plants except floral formulae > Flashcards

morphology of flowering plants except floral formulae Flashcards

1
Q

roots are positively ____ and negatively ___

A

geotropic

phototropic

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2
Q

tap root system is usually found in ___ plants

A

dicot

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3
Q

in ____ plants, primary root is short lived. such roots are called___ roots

A

monocots

fiberous

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4
Q

wheat plant has ____ root system

A

fiberous

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5
Q

define adventitious root system

A

roots develop from any parts of the plant other than the radicle

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6
Q

4 examples of plants with adventitious root system

A

Grass, Monstera, Banyan tree, sweet potato

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7
Q

4 functions of roots

A

storage of reserve food materials
absorption of water and minerals from the soil
provide anchorage to plant
synthesis of plant growth regulators

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8
Q

name the 4 regions of the root

A

root cap
region of meristamic activity
region of elongation
region of maturation

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9
Q

root cap in made of ____ cells

A

parenchymatous cells

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10
Q

describe the cells of region of meristematic activity in the root

A

thin walled, small, dense protoplasm

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11
Q

region of elongation is respesponsible for

A

growth of root, lenth wise

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12
Q

in region of maturation, cells of zone of elongation ___ and ____

A

differentiate and mature

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13
Q

root hairs are formed from ___ region

A

region of maturation

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14
Q

funtion of root hairs

A

increases the surface area for absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

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15
Q

give exmaples of storage roots ( 4 tap roots and1 adventitios plant)

A 
tap root of:
carrot
 turnip
 radish
 beet

adventitious roots:
sweet potato, get swollen
and store food

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16
Q

respiratory roots are found in ___ plant

A

Rhizophora

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17
Q

respiraory roots are also called

A

pneumatophores.

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18
Q

where do prop roots arise from

A

branches of stem

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19
Q

function of prop roots

A

providing mechanical support to heavy branches

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20
Q

scientific name of banyan tree

A

Ficus benghalensis

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21
Q

what is the function of root cap

A

to protect the tender apex of root

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22
Q

where do stilt roots arise from

A

lower nodes of stem

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23
Q

function of stilt roots

A

support main axis

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24
Q

special feature of stilt roots___

A

enter the soil obliquely

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25
Q

examples of plants with stilt roots

A

sugar cane

maize

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26
Q

the ___ part of the embryo give rise to stem

A

plumule

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27
Q

what are nodes

A

The region bearing leaves, present at regular intervals on the
stem and its branches are called nodes

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28
Q

define bud

A 
A bud is defined as the
~ young, 
~immature,
~under developed, 
compact shoot
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29
Q

terminal bud is present at which part of the plant

A

tip of stem

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30
Q

what is axil

A

The angle made between the

leaves and the upper part of the stem is called the axil

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31
Q

what is axillary bud

A

The bud which is present at the axil is called

axillary bud.

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32
Q

Functions of the Stem

A
  1. Stem bears and supports leaves, flowers and fruits.
  2. It conducts water and minerals salts from roots to leaves and fruits.
  3. The food manufactured in the leaves is transported to the roots, fruits and organs of storage through the
    stem.
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33
Q

what is the function of underground stem

A

it helps to store food

act as organs of perennation to tide over conditions unfavorable for growth.

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34
Q

example of rhizome underground strem

A

ginger
banana
turmeric
ferns

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35
Q

which type of stem grows parallely to the horizontal surface

A

rizome

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36
Q

which stem bears nodes, internodes, buds and SCALY leaves

A

rhizome (and) corm

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37
Q

which stem is swollen on account of accumulation of food?

A

tuber

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38
Q

give examples of tuber stem

A

potato

Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke)

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39
Q

which stem grows vertically beaneath the soil surface and is unbranched

A

corm

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40
Q

give examples of corm stem(5)

A 
Colocasia
Gladiolus
Colchicum
Crocus
Amorphophallus (Zaminkand)
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41
Q

which stem is reduced and disc shaped

A

bulb

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42
Q

example of bulb(3)

A

onion
lily
garlic

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43
Q

In some plants the ___ present on the stem modify to form stem tendrils

A

axillary buds

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44
Q

functions of stem tendrils

A

climbing organs of plant
coil around a nearby support
provide support to weak and tender stem

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45
Q

examples of plants with stem tendrils

A

grape vines

gourds (pumpkin, watermelon, cucumber)

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46
Q

thorns are formed from ___ part of the plant

A

axillary buds

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47
Q

hard woody and pointed modification of stem

A

thorns

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48
Q

function of thorns

A

protetion from browsing animals

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49
Q

examples of plants with thorns

A

Citrus and Bougainvillea

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50
Q

Pistia and Eichhornia contain a lateral branch which bear short internodes, this is modification of which stem

A

offsets

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51
Q

___ are underwater modifications of stem

A

offsets

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52
Q

each node bears a rosette of leaves above and a cluster (tuft) of roots below in which type of stem modification

A

offsets

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53
Q

________ grow below the surface of the soil to some distance and then emerges out obliquely to form the aerial shoot

A

sukers

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54
Q

in ____ the lateral branches originate from the

basal and underground portion of the main stem

A

suker

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55
Q

examples of sukers

A

banana
crysanthamum
pineapple

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56
Q

_____is elongated, prostrate branch with long internodes and roots at nodes

A

runners

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57
Q

example of plants with runners

A

grass

Oxalis

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58
Q

____ type of stems grow aerially for some time arch downwards to touch the ground

A

stolons

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59
Q

example of plants with stolon stem

A

jasmine

mint

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60
Q

Plants present in arid regions modify their stem into flattened (eg___) or fleshy cylindrical
structures (eg.____), called ____

A

opuntia

euphorbia

phylloclades

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61
Q

____ stem is modified into a leaf like structure for photosynthesis (usually one internode long)
while leaves reduced to scales or spines

A

cladode

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62
Q

example of plants with cladode stem

A

Asparagus

Ruscus

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63
Q

leaf originates from ____

A

shoot apical meristem

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64
Q

leaf grows in ____successsion

A

acropetal (upwards from the base or point of attachment)

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65
Q 
The lowermost (basal) part of the leaf by which the leaf is attached to the node of the stem
is called
A

leaf base

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66
Q

Leaf base may bear two lateral small leaf like structures called _________

A

stipules

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67
Q

in ____, leaf base expands to form a sheath covering the stem wholly or partially.

A

monocots

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68
Q

In some leguminous plants, the leaf base swells and is called .___

A

pulvinus

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69
Q

The cylindrical stalk that joins the leaf base with the leaf blade (lamina) is called ____

A

petiole

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70
Q

function of petiole

A

holds the leaf blade above the level of the stem so as to provide sufficient light to the leaf
.
allows leaf blade to flutter in wind( flexible). It thus produces a cooling effect in leaves by bringing fresh air to the leaf surface.

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71
Q

The leaf blade is supported by the ____

and ____

A

veins

and veinlets.

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72
Q

The prominent vein present in the middle of the leaf blade is called ________

A

midrib.

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73
Q

The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina or leaf blade is termed as

A

venation.

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74
Q

in ____ venation, the veinlets form a network

A

reticulate

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75
Q

reticulate venation generally occurs in -__ plants

A

dicots

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76
Q

examples of plants in reticulate venation

A

peepal
Hibiscus
Luffa

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77
Q

The venation where the veins run parallel to each other within a lamina?

A

Parallel venation

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78
Q

parallel venation eg.

A

banana

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79
Q

3 features of simple leaves

A

the leaf blade is not divided

when incised, the incisions do not touch the midrib

It has bud at the axil of the petiole.

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80
Q

The leaf in which the lamina or leaf blade is completely broken into distinct leaflets is called

A

compound leaves

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81
Q

where is the bud of compound leaf present

A

at axil of petiole ( below all the leaflets)

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82
Q

In pinnately compound leaf, the midrib forms a common axis called ____

A

rachis

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83
Q

example of pinnately compund leaf

A

neem

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84
Q

In ___ leaf, the leaflets are attached to a common point

A

palmately compound

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85
Q

example of palmately compound leaf

A

silk cotton

86
Q

define phyllotaxy

A

The pattern in which the leaves are arranged on the stem or its branches is called phyllotaxy

87
Q

how are leaves arranged in alternate phyllotaxy

A

In alternate phyllotaxy, single leaf is present at each node in an alternate fashion.

88
Q

give examples (3) of plants that show alternate phyllotaxy

A

china rose (shoe flower)
mustard
sunflower

89
Q

what happens in opposite phyllotaxy

A

a pair of leaves arise at each node on opposite side. leaves generally lie opposite to each other at each node

90
Q

examples (2) of plants with opposite phyllotaxy

A

guava, calotropis

91
Q

give 2 features of whorled phyllotaxy

A

more than two leaves arise at each node and form a whorl or a circle.

leaves of one whorl alternate (perpendicularly) the leaves of the next successive whorl so that all leaves receive maximum sunlight

92
Q

give 2 examples of plants with whorled phyllotaxy

A

Alstonia, Nerium.

93
Q

function of leaf tendrils

A

give support to plant while climbing

94
Q

example of plants with leaf tendriles

A

pea

sweet pea

95
Q

function of leaf spines

A

reduce transpiration and protect the plants from browsing animals

96
Q

leaves are modifies as fleshy storage organs in which 2 plants

A

onion

garlic

97
Q

what happens in phyllodes (to the petiole)

A

petioles modify to form flat, green-coloured leaf-like structure which performs the function of
photosynthesis.

98
Q

the flower is considered as the modified ____

A

shoot.

99
Q

When the ______ changes to floral meristem then the shoot bears flowers

A

apical shoot meristem

100
Q

When the ___ transforms into a flower,

it is always solitary

A

shoot tip

101
Q

define inflorescence

A

The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis of the plant is known as inflorescence.

102
Q

In____ inflorescence, the shoot axis continue to grow indefinitely

A

racemose

103
Q

In____ inflorescence, acropetal succession is there

A

racemose

104
Q

what is acropetal successoin

A

younger flowers are present towards the apex and the older flowers are present at the base

105
Q

give 3 examples of plants of racemose inflorescence

A

lupin
radish
mustard

106
Q

In ____ inflorescence, the main axis (peduncle) terminates into a flower and hence has
a limited growth

A

cymose

107
Q

in cymose inflorescence the flowers are borne in a _____ order

A

basipetal

108
Q

give example of cymose inflorescence

A 
Begonia,(memorize like begonia is like 'be gone', so it wants the plant to be gone, so it wontlet it grow, so cymose)
Teak
Bougainvillea
Dianthus
Solanum.
109
Q

The ____ is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms

A

flower

110
Q

flower consists of four whorls which are successively arranged on the ___ aka ____

A

thalamus or receptacle.

111
Q

Thalamus is the swollen end of the ___

A

pedicel

112
Q

pedicel is aka

A

stalk

113
Q

The four whorls present in a flower are

A

calyx
corolla,
androecium,
gynoecium

114
Q

The ___ and____ are non-essential, accessory organs of the flower

A

calyx

corolla

115
Q

In some flowers like lily, the calyx and corolla are not distinct and are
termed as ____

A

perianth

116
Q

the members of perianth are known as ____

A

tepals

117
Q

example of bisexual flower

A

pea

hibuscus

118
Q

example of unisexual flower

A

maize

119
Q

what is Trimerous flower

A

When all the floral appendages (whorls) are in the multiples of three.

120
Q

Tetramerous flower?

A

When all the floral appendages are in the multiples of four.

121
Q

Pentamerous flower?

A

When all the floral appendages are in the multiples of five

122
Q

Bracteate flower?

A

Flower with bracts
{bract is a leaf or leaf-like structure from the axil out of which a stalk of a flower or an inflorescence arises while sepal is ( one of the component parts of the calyx, when this consists of separate (not fused) parts.}

123
Q

Ebracteate flower?

A

Flower without bracts.

124
Q

Actinomorphic flower ?

A

radial symmetry

125
Q

Zygomorphic flower ____

A

bilateral symmetry

126
Q

Actinomorphic flower eg

A

mustard
Datura,
chilli.

127
Q

Zygomorphic flower eg

A

pea
gulmohur
bean
Cassia.

128
Q

asymmetric flower eg

A

canna

129
Q

hypogynous flower?

A

The flower in which gynoecium occupies the highest position while the other parts are situated below it are called hypogynous

130
Q

ovary in hypogynous flower is said to be

A

superior

131
Q

example of hypogynous flower(4)

A

mustard,
china rose,
brinjal
Petunia.

132
Q

If gynoecium is situated in the centre and other parts of the flower are located on the rim or periphery of the
thalamus, almost at the same level as the ovary, then flower is called _____

A

perigynous.

133
Q

in perigynous flower, ovary is said to be

A

half inferior

134
Q

example of perigynous flowers

3

A

plum
rose
peach

135
Q

The flowers in which the margin of the thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting
fused with it, the other parts of the flower arise above the ovary is called

A

epigynous

136
Q

in epigynous flower, ovary is said to be

A

inerior

137
Q

example of epigynous flower(4)

A

guava
cucumber,
bittergourd,
the ray floret of sunflower

138
Q

Calyx is the ____ whorl of the flower and the members are called ____

A

outermost

sepals

139
Q

function of sepals

A

protect the flower at bud stage

140
Q

gamosepalous flower?

A

sepals are fused united

141
Q

polysepalous?

A

sepals are free

142
Q

Corolla is the ____whorl of the flower

A

second

143
Q

The individual leaf segment of the corolla is said to be ____

A

petals

144
Q

random fact that i couldnt think of a question for

:)

A

Like calyx, corolla may be also free (polypetalous) or united (gamopetalous).

145
Q

The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to the other member of the same
whorl is called ___

A

aestivation.

146
Q

in ____ aestivation, the margin of sepals or petals, present in a whorl just touch each other

A

valvate

147
Q

There is no overlapping between the sepals or petals in ____ aestivation

A

valvate

148
Q

eg of flower with valvate aestivation

A

calotropis

149
Q

in ____ aestivation, margin of one petal or sepal overlaps the margin of the adjacent
successive petal or sepal and so on

A

twisted

150
Q

name the 4 types of aestivation

A

vexillary
twisted
valvate
imbricate

151
Q

In ___ aestivation, margin of petals or sepals overlaps each other but not in a particular
direction.

A

imbricate

152
Q

example of twisted aestivation

A

China rose, lady’s finger and cotton.

153
Q

example of imbricate aestivartion

A

Cassia, gulmohur.

154
Q

In ___ aestivation the largest petal (STANDARD) overlaps the two smaller lateral petals
(WINGS) which in turn overlap the two smallest anterior petals (KEEL)

A

vexillary

155
Q

eg of vexillary flower

A

pea

beans

156
Q

androcium is composed of

A

stamens

157
Q

stamens consist of

A

anther, filament

158
Q

Anthers are usually bilobed.

Each lobe contains two ____ or ____.

A

microsporangia or pollen sacs

159
Q

The ____ are produced in pollen sacs

A

pollen grains

160
Q

a sterile stamen is called a ___

A

staminode

161
Q

When a stamen is attached to the petal, then it is called ___

A

epipetalous

162
Q

example of epipetalous flower

A

brinjal

163
Q

example of epiphylllous flower

A

lily

164
Q

when the stamen is attached

to the perianth then it is said to be ___

A

epiphyllous

165
Q

When the stamens are free then they are called

____

A

polyandrous

166
Q

when stamens are united in a single bundle, then it is called

A

monoadelphous

167
Q

eg of monoadelphous condition

A

china rose

168
Q

when stamens are united in two bundles, then it is called

A

diadelphous

169
Q

when stamens are united in 2 or more bundles, then it is called

A

polyadelphous

170
Q

eg. of polyadelphous flower

A

citrus

171
Q

when carpels of a flower are free they are called

A

apocarpous

172
Q

when carpels of a flower are fused they are called

A

syncarpous

173
Q

3 parts of a carpel

A

ovary
style
stigma

174
Q

in a flower, The ovules are attached to a flattened,

cushion-like structure called ___

A

placenta

175
Q

The ovary has one or more chambers aka ___

A

loculi

176
Q

The ovary containing one chamber is __, two chambers is ___, three chamber is ___

A

unilocular
bilocular
triocular

177
Q

The wall of the ovary after fertilisation forms the ____

A

pericarp or fruit wall

178
Q

____ acts as the receptive organ for pollen

grains during pollination.

A

Stigma

179
Q

After fertilisation ovules develop into ___ and ovary matures into a ____.

A

seeds

fruit

180
Q

The arrangement of ovules on placenta within the ovary is known as ___

A

placentation

181
Q

The placenta in ___ placentation forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary.
The ovules are borne in two alternate rows along the ridge

A

marginal

182
Q

eg of marginal placentation

A

pea

183
Q

in ____ placentation, the placenta is present in the axial position and the ovules are attached
to it in a multilocular ovary

A

axile

184
Q

eg of axile placetatation

A

china rose
tomato
lemon

185
Q

in ___ placentation The ovary is one-chambered (unilocular) but become two-chambered due to the formation of the false
septum

A

parietal

186
Q

The ovules are borne on central axis and septa are absent in the ovary in ___ placentation

A

free central

187
Q

examples of plants with free central placentation(2)

A

primrose

dianthus

188
Q

The placenta develops at the base of the ovary in ___ placentation

A

basal

189
Q

in ___ placentation a single ovule attached to the placenta

A

basal

190
Q

Some fruits which are formed without fertilisation are called + example (2)

A

parthenocarpic fruits.
banana
grape

191
Q

A fruit mainly consists of two parts namely ___and ___

A

fruit wall and seed.

192
Q

fruit wall is aka

A

pericarp

193
Q

fruit wall develops from ___

A

wall of ovary

194
Q

if the pericarp is thick and fleshy then it differentiates into three different layers namely ?

A

epicarp
mesocarp
endocarp

195
Q

The fruit which develops from ovary is called ?

A

true fruit.

196
Q

If any floral part other than ovary takes part in fruit formation, it is called ___ aka ___, e.g., (2)

A 
false fruit (pseudocarp)
Apple, Pear.
197
Q

Fruit developing from the syncarpous ovary of the single flower with or without accessory
parts is called ___

A

simple fruit

198
Q

` The seed coat has two layers, the outer

—– and the inner _____

A

testa

tegmen

199
Q

The hilum is a scar

on the seed coat through which the____ were attached to the fruit.

A

developing seeds

200
Q

Above the hilum is a

small pore called the ____

A

micropyle.

201
Q

Embryo consists of an embryonal axis and

two___

A

cotyledons

202
Q

in some seeds such as castor endosperm

is a __________________

A

food storing tissue

203
Q

Endosperm is formed as a result of ____

A

double fertilization.

204
Q

~~~~~~smile gorlllll~~~~~~~ :)

A

yeet

205
Q

bean, gram and pea have ___seeds

A

non endospermous

206
Q

true or false: orchids are monocots that are non endospermic

A

true

207
Q

in monocot seeds, The

outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinaceous layer called ____v

A

aleurone layer

208
Q

in monocot seeds: It consists of one large and shield

shaped cotyledon known as ___

A

scutellum

209
Q

in monocot seeds
The plumule and
radicle are enclosed in sheaths which are called ____ and ___ respectively

A

coleoptile

coleorrhiza

210
Q

if the nucellus remains persistent in the seed and is called ___

A

perisperm.

211
Q

perisperm. eg.

A

Piper nigrum (black pepper).

Botany (5 decks)

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