morphology of flowering plants except floral formulae Flashcards
roots are positively ____ and negatively ___
geotropic
phototropic
tap root system is usually found in ___ plants
dicot
in ____ plants, primary root is short lived. such roots are called___ roots
monocots
fiberous
wheat plant has ____ root system
fiberous
define adventitious root system
roots develop from any parts of the plant other than the radicle
4 examples of plants with adventitious root system
Grass, Monstera, Banyan tree, sweet potato
4 functions of roots
storage of reserve food materials
absorption of water and minerals from the soil
provide anchorage to plant
synthesis of plant growth regulators
name the 4 regions of the root
root cap
region of meristamic activity
region of elongation
region of maturation
root cap in made of ____ cells
parenchymatous cells
describe the cells of region of meristematic activity in the root
thin walled, small, dense protoplasm
region of elongation is respesponsible for
growth of root, lenth wise
in region of maturation, cells of zone of elongation ___ and ____
differentiate and mature
root hairs are formed from ___ region
region of maturation
funtion of root hairs
increases the surface area for absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
give exmaples of storage roots ( 4 tap roots and1 adventitios plant)
tap root of: carrot turnip radish beet
adventitious roots:
sweet potato, get swollen
and store food
respiratory roots are found in ___ plant
Rhizophora
respiraory roots are also called
pneumatophores.
where do prop roots arise from
branches of stem
function of prop roots
providing mechanical support to heavy branches
scientific name of banyan tree
Ficus benghalensis
what is the function of root cap
to protect the tender apex of root
where do stilt roots arise from
lower nodes of stem
function of stilt roots
support main axis
special feature of stilt roots___
enter the soil obliquely
examples of plants with stilt roots
sugar cane
maize
the ___ part of the embryo give rise to stem
plumule
what are nodes
The region bearing leaves, present at regular intervals on the
stem and its branches are called nodes
define bud
A bud is defined as the ~ young, ~immature, ~under developed, compact shoot
terminal bud is present at which part of the plant
tip of stem
what is axil
The angle made between the
leaves and the upper part of the stem is called the axil
what is axillary bud
The bud which is present at the axil is called
axillary bud.
Functions of the Stem
- Stem bears and supports leaves, flowers and fruits.
- It conducts water and minerals salts from roots to leaves and fruits.
- The food manufactured in the leaves is transported to the roots, fruits and organs of storage through the
stem.
what is the function of underground stem
it helps to store food
act as organs of perennation to tide over conditions unfavorable for growth.
example of rhizome underground strem
ginger
banana
turmeric
ferns
which type of stem grows parallely to the horizontal surface
rizome
which stem bears nodes, internodes, buds and SCALY leaves
rhizome (and) corm
which stem is swollen on account of accumulation of food?
tuber
give examples of tuber stem
potato
Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke)
which stem grows vertically beaneath the soil surface and is unbranched
corm
give examples of corm stem(5)
Colocasia Gladiolus Colchicum Crocus Amorphophallus (Zaminkand)
which stem is reduced and disc shaped
bulb
example of bulb(3)
onion
lily
garlic
In some plants the ___ present on the stem modify to form stem tendrils
axillary buds
functions of stem tendrils
climbing organs of plant
coil around a nearby support
provide support to weak and tender stem
examples of plants with stem tendrils
grape vines
gourds (pumpkin, watermelon, cucumber)
thorns are formed from ___ part of the plant
axillary buds
hard woody and pointed modification of stem
thorns
function of thorns
protetion from browsing animals
examples of plants with thorns
Citrus and Bougainvillea
Pistia and Eichhornia contain a lateral branch which bear short internodes, this is modification of which stem
offsets
___ are underwater modifications of stem
offsets
each node bears a rosette of leaves above and a cluster (tuft) of roots below in which type of stem modification
offsets
________ grow below the surface of the soil to some distance and then emerges out obliquely to form the aerial shoot
sukers
in ____ the lateral branches originate from the
basal and underground portion of the main stem
suker
examples of sukers
banana
crysanthamum
pineapple
_____is elongated, prostrate branch with long internodes and roots at nodes
runners
example of plants with runners
grass
Oxalis
____ type of stems grow aerially for some time arch downwards to touch the ground
stolons
example of plants with stolon stem
jasmine
mint
Plants present in arid regions modify their stem into flattened (eg___) or fleshy cylindrical
structures (eg.____), called ____
opuntia
euphorbia
phylloclades
____ stem is modified into a leaf like structure for photosynthesis (usually one internode long)
while leaves reduced to scales or spines
cladode
example of plants with cladode stem
Asparagus
Ruscus
leaf originates from ____
shoot apical meristem
leaf grows in ____successsion
acropetal (upwards from the base or point of attachment)
The lowermost (basal) part of the leaf by which the leaf is attached to the node of the stem is called
leaf base
Leaf base may bear two lateral small leaf like structures called _________
stipules
in ____, leaf base expands to form a sheath covering the stem wholly or partially.
monocots
In some leguminous plants, the leaf base swells and is called .___
pulvinus
The cylindrical stalk that joins the leaf base with the leaf blade (lamina) is called ____
petiole
function of petiole
holds the leaf blade above the level of the stem so as to provide sufficient light to the leaf
.
allows leaf blade to flutter in wind( flexible). It thus produces a cooling effect in leaves by bringing fresh air to the leaf surface.
The leaf blade is supported by the ____
and ____
veins
and veinlets.
The prominent vein present in the middle of the leaf blade is called ________
midrib.
The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina or leaf blade is termed as
venation.
in ____ venation, the veinlets form a network
reticulate
reticulate venation generally occurs in -__ plants
dicots
examples of plants in reticulate venation
peepal
Hibiscus
Luffa
The venation where the veins run parallel to each other within a lamina?
Parallel venation
parallel venation eg.
banana
3 features of simple leaves
the leaf blade is not divided
when incised, the incisions do not touch the midrib
It has bud at the axil of the petiole.
The leaf in which the lamina or leaf blade is completely broken into distinct leaflets is called
compound leaves
where is the bud of compound leaf present
at axil of petiole ( below all the leaflets)
In pinnately compound leaf, the midrib forms a common axis called ____
rachis
example of pinnately compund leaf
neem
In ___ leaf, the leaflets are attached to a common point
palmately compound
example of palmately compound leaf
silk cotton
define phyllotaxy
The pattern in which the leaves are arranged on the stem or its branches is called phyllotaxy
how are leaves arranged in alternate phyllotaxy
In alternate phyllotaxy, single leaf is present at each node in an alternate fashion.
give examples (3) of plants that show alternate phyllotaxy
china rose (shoe flower)
mustard
sunflower
what happens in opposite phyllotaxy
a pair of leaves arise at each node on opposite side. leaves generally lie opposite to each other at each node
examples (2) of plants with opposite phyllotaxy
guava, calotropis
give 2 features of whorled phyllotaxy
more than two leaves arise at each node and form a whorl or a circle.
leaves of one whorl alternate (perpendicularly) the leaves of the next successive whorl so that all leaves receive maximum sunlight
give 2 examples of plants with whorled phyllotaxy
Alstonia, Nerium.
function of leaf tendrils
give support to plant while climbing
example of plants with leaf tendriles
pea
sweet pea
function of leaf spines
reduce transpiration and protect the plants from browsing animals
leaves are modifies as fleshy storage organs in which 2 plants
onion
garlic
what happens in phyllodes (to the petiole)
petioles modify to form flat, green-coloured leaf-like structure which performs the function of
photosynthesis.
the flower is considered as the modified ____
shoot.
When the ______ changes to floral meristem then the shoot bears flowers
apical shoot meristem
When the ___ transforms into a flower,
it is always solitary
shoot tip
define inflorescence
The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis of the plant is known as inflorescence.
In____ inflorescence, the shoot axis continue to grow indefinitely
racemose
In____ inflorescence, acropetal succession is there
racemose
what is acropetal successoin
younger flowers are present towards the apex and the older flowers are present at the base
give 3 examples of plants of racemose inflorescence
lupin
radish
mustard
In ____ inflorescence, the main axis (peduncle) terminates into a flower and hence has
a limited growth
cymose
in cymose inflorescence the flowers are borne in a _____ order
basipetal
give example of cymose inflorescence
Begonia,(memorize like begonia is like 'be gone', so it wants the plant to be gone, so it wontlet it grow, so cymose) Teak Bougainvillea Dianthus Solanum.
The ____ is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms
flower
flower consists of four whorls which are successively arranged on the ___ aka ____
thalamus or receptacle.
Thalamus is the swollen end of the ___
pedicel
pedicel is aka
stalk
The four whorls present in a flower are
calyx
corolla,
androecium,
gynoecium
The ___ and____ are non-essential, accessory organs of the flower
calyx
corolla
In some flowers like lily, the calyx and corolla are not distinct and are
termed as ____
perianth
the members of perianth are known as ____
tepals
example of bisexual flower
pea
hibuscus
example of unisexual flower
maize
what is Trimerous flower
When all the floral appendages (whorls) are in the multiples of three.
Tetramerous flower?
When all the floral appendages are in the multiples of four.
Pentamerous flower?
When all the floral appendages are in the multiples of five
Bracteate flower?
Flower with bracts
{bract is a leaf or leaf-like structure from the axil out of which a stalk of a flower or an inflorescence arises while sepal is ( one of the component parts of the calyx, when this consists of separate (not fused) parts.}
Ebracteate flower?
Flower without bracts.
Actinomorphic flower ?
radial symmetry
Zygomorphic flower ____
bilateral symmetry
Actinomorphic flower eg
mustard
Datura,
chilli.
Zygomorphic flower eg
pea
gulmohur
bean
Cassia.
asymmetric flower eg
canna
hypogynous flower?
The flower in which gynoecium occupies the highest position while the other parts are situated below it are called hypogynous
ovary in hypogynous flower is said to be
superior
example of hypogynous flower(4)
mustard,
china rose,
brinjal
Petunia.
If gynoecium is situated in the centre and other parts of the flower are located on the rim or periphery of the
thalamus, almost at the same level as the ovary, then flower is called _____
perigynous.
in perigynous flower, ovary is said to be
half inferior
example of perigynous flowers
3
plum
rose
peach
The flowers in which the margin of the thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting
fused with it, the other parts of the flower arise above the ovary is called
epigynous
in epigynous flower, ovary is said to be
inerior
example of epigynous flower(4)
guava
cucumber,
bittergourd,
the ray floret of sunflower
Calyx is the ____ whorl of the flower and the members are called ____
outermost
sepals
function of sepals
protect the flower at bud stage
gamosepalous flower?
sepals are fused united
polysepalous?
sepals are free
Corolla is the ____whorl of the flower
second
The individual leaf segment of the corolla is said to be ____
petals
random fact that i couldnt think of a question for
:)
Like calyx, corolla may be also free (polypetalous) or united (gamopetalous).
The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to the other member of the same
whorl is called ___
aestivation.
in ____ aestivation, the margin of sepals or petals, present in a whorl just touch each other
valvate
There is no overlapping between the sepals or petals in ____ aestivation
valvate
eg of flower with valvate aestivation
calotropis
in ____ aestivation, margin of one petal or sepal overlaps the margin of the adjacent
successive petal or sepal and so on
twisted
name the 4 types of aestivation
vexillary
twisted
valvate
imbricate
In ___ aestivation, margin of petals or sepals overlaps each other but not in a particular
direction.
imbricate
example of twisted aestivation
China rose, lady’s finger and cotton.
example of imbricate aestivartion
Cassia, gulmohur.
In ___ aestivation the largest petal (STANDARD) overlaps the two smaller lateral petals
(WINGS) which in turn overlap the two smallest anterior petals (KEEL)
vexillary
eg of vexillary flower
pea
beans
androcium is composed of
stamens
stamens consist of
anther, filament
Anthers are usually bilobed.
Each lobe contains two ____ or ____.
microsporangia or pollen sacs
The ____ are produced in pollen sacs
pollen grains
a sterile stamen is called a ___
staminode
When a stamen is attached to the petal, then it is called ___
epipetalous
example of epipetalous flower
brinjal
example of epiphylllous flower
lily
when the stamen is attached
to the perianth then it is said to be ___
epiphyllous
When the stamens are free then they are called
____
polyandrous
when stamens are united in a single bundle, then it is called
monoadelphous
eg of monoadelphous condition
china rose
when stamens are united in two bundles, then it is called
diadelphous
when stamens are united in 2 or more bundles, then it is called
polyadelphous
eg. of polyadelphous flower
citrus
when carpels of a flower are free they are called
apocarpous
when carpels of a flower are fused they are called
syncarpous
3 parts of a carpel
ovary
style
stigma
in a flower, The ovules are attached to a flattened,
cushion-like structure called ___
placenta
The ovary has one or more chambers aka ___
loculi
The ovary containing one chamber is __, two chambers is ___, three chamber is ___
unilocular
bilocular
triocular
The wall of the ovary after fertilisation forms the ____
pericarp or fruit wall
____ acts as the receptive organ for pollen
grains during pollination.
Stigma
After fertilisation ovules develop into ___ and ovary matures into a ____.
seeds
fruit
The arrangement of ovules on placenta within the ovary is known as ___
placentation
The placenta in ___ placentation forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary.
The ovules are borne in two alternate rows along the ridge
marginal
eg of marginal placentation
pea
in ____ placentation, the placenta is present in the axial position and the ovules are attached
to it in a multilocular ovary
axile
eg of axile placetatation
china rose
tomato
lemon
in ___ placentation The ovary is one-chambered (unilocular) but become two-chambered due to the formation of the false
septum
parietal
The ovules are borne on central axis and septa are absent in the ovary in ___ placentation
free central
examples of plants with free central placentation(2)
primrose
dianthus
The placenta develops at the base of the ovary in ___ placentation
basal
in ___ placentation a single ovule attached to the placenta
basal
Some fruits which are formed without fertilisation are called + example (2)
parthenocarpic fruits.
banana
grape
A fruit mainly consists of two parts namely ___and ___
fruit wall and seed.
fruit wall is aka
pericarp
fruit wall develops from ___
wall of ovary
if the pericarp is thick and fleshy then it differentiates into three different layers namely ?
epicarp
mesocarp
endocarp
The fruit which develops from ovary is called ?
true fruit.
If any floral part other than ovary takes part in fruit formation, it is called ___ aka ___, e.g., (2)
false fruit (pseudocarp) Apple, Pear.
Fruit developing from the syncarpous ovary of the single flower with or without accessory
parts is called ___
simple fruit
` The seed coat has two layers, the outer
—– and the inner _____
testa
tegmen
The hilum is a scar
on the seed coat through which the____ were attached to the fruit.
developing seeds
Above the hilum is a
small pore called the ____
micropyle.
Embryo consists of an embryonal axis and
two___
cotyledons
in some seeds such as castor endosperm
is a __________________
food storing tissue
Endosperm is formed as a result of ____
double fertilization.
~~~~~~smile gorlllll~~~~~~~ :)
yeet
bean, gram and pea have ___seeds
non endospermous
true or false: orchids are monocots that are non endospermic
true
in monocot seeds, The
outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinaceous layer called ____v
aleurone layer
in monocot seeds: It consists of one large and shield
shaped cotyledon known as ___
scutellum
in monocot seeds
The plumule and
radicle are enclosed in sheaths which are called ____ and ___ respectively
coleoptile
coleorrhiza
if the nucellus remains persistent in the seed and is called ___
perisperm.
perisperm. eg.
Piper nigrum (black pepper).
